Note: Page numbers in italics refer to maps or charts.
absolutist institutions, 80, 86, 89–91
and centralization, 216–17, 244
Communist Party, 389–90
definition of, 216
of East vs. West Europe, 107–8, 294
new absolutism, 388–90
opponents of, 106, 208–9, 210, 212, 244
Abu Hureyra, village of, 138, 141, 174, 184
Abyssinia, see Ethiopia
Acheampong, Ignatius Kutu, 67
Afghanistan: foreign aid in, 450–53
political decentralization in, 216, 244, 435
Taliban in, 450–51
Africa: cheap labor in, 264–65, 267, 268, 269
and culture hypothesis, 57, 58–60
disease in, 49, 51, 260, 274, 341, 369
European colonies of, 59–60, 90, 116, 236–37, 257, 264, 267, 341, 369, 404
forced labor in, 256
and geography hypothesis, 50, 53–54
and ignorance hypothesis, 66–67
and Industrial Revolution, 59–60, 115
and institutional drift, 115
Islam in, 175
legitimate commerce of, 256, 257
plague in, 96
postindependence governments of, 60, 112, 116, 338, 343, 363–64, 369–70
poverty in, 42, 45, 46, 47, 57, 115
slave trade in, see slavery; sub-Saharan, see sub-Saharan Africa
tribal institutions in, 363
vicious circles in, 360–61
warfare and conflict in, 252–53, 255, 273, 344 see also specific nations
Agricola, Roman governor of Britain, 172
agriculture: collectivization of, 126
and domestication, 137–39, 141
and extractive institutions, 143–49
and geography hypothesis, 3, 51–52
and land ownership, 339–40
and Neolithic Revolution, 132, 137
plant and animal species, 51–52, 54, 138
plantations, 75, 77, 79, 81, 92, 94, 353–55, 357, 365, 415–16
productivity in, 52, 136, 339, 415, 426
staple products of, 19–20
and Swing Riots (1830), 310
transition to, 140–42, 143, 149
and tropical soils, 49
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 461
Ahmed III, Sultan, 214
Aksum, Ethiopia, 51, 176–77, 177, 234, 237
Alaric (Goth leader), 166
Albu, George, 264–65
Alfonsín, Raúl, 331
Allen, Paul, 43
Allen, Robert, 184
Almeida, Manoel de, 235–36
Al Qaeda, 450
Alvarado, Pedro de, 345
Álvares, Francisco, 235
Americas: absolutist institutions in, 80
constitutional crisis in, 29
and culture hypothesis, 57
discovery of, 50, 105–6, 175, 220
divide between rich and poor in, 46, 48
economic reform in, 447–48
encomiendas in, 13–14, 16, 18, 19, 29, 76, 346, 350, 386
English colonies in, 19–22, 23–28, 210, 274, 282, 433
European colonization of, 11, 114, 179, 299, 386, 433–34
extraction of resources in, 10–11, 19, 76, 81, 114, 179, 219–20, 350, 387, 433
forced labor in, 10–11, 14, 16, 18, 19, 29, 76, 77
frontier lands of, 36–37
and geography hypothesis, 48–53, 55
and globalization, 36
iron law of oligarchy in, 387–88
legal system in, 76
mita system in, 16–18, 17, 19, 76, 77, 115
path-dependent change in, 36–38
political centralization in, 436
population density (1500), 24, 25
reducciones in, 16–17
repartimiento de mercancias in, 18–19, 76, 346, 350
Spanish colonies in, 9–19, 26, 52, 79, 105, 114–15, 218–21, 346, 350, 402, 433
vicious circles in, 345–51
writing systems in, 53 see also specific nations
Angevin family, 108
Angola, 251, 252, 252, 344, 373, 376
Arabia, spice trade with, 245
Arab Spring, 1, 2–3, 398, 436, 461
Argentina: central bank in, 448
constitution rewritten in, 331
and culture hypothesis, 62
economic collapse in, 120, 372, 383–85, 398
elections in, 401
extractive institutions in, 329, 372, 385, 387, 398, 401, 402, 445
founding of Buenos Aires, 9–11
and geography hypothesis, 50, 55
Inca Empire in, 386
mass murders in, 38
Pampas in, 10
political institutions in, 385–87, 401
prosperity in, 46, 47, 63, 114–15, 445
vicious circle in, 331
Arkwright, Richard, 103, 105, 204, 208
Armenia, 394
Asante, Ghana, 254–55, 256, 257
Ashley-Cooper, Sir Anthony, 27, 279
Asquith, H. H., 316
Atahualpa, 15
Atlantic trade, 158
and Britain, 110–11, 113, 188, 205, 208, 209, 210, 212, 219, 432, 434
as critical juncture, 110–11, 113, 212, 300, 431, 432, 434
Attila the Hun, 167
Augustus Caesar, 164, 168, 179
aurochs, distribution of, 54, 55
Australia, 274–82
economic growth in, 299
inclusive institutions in, 279–80, 282, 299
Industrial Revolution in, 282
mining in, 340–41
primitive people of, 50, 141, 277
prosperity in, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50, 62
as settler colony, 114, 274–77, 299
Austro-Hungarian empire, 86, 222–26, 229, 231, 243, 290, 300, 314, 333, 346–47, 408
authoritarian growth, 437–46
and media, 461–62
and modernization theory, 443–45
Aztec civilization, 22, 50, 52, 53, 146
and Spanish invasion, 11–13, 114
Baker v. Carr, 417
Balbín, Ricardo, 330
Baldwyn, Sir Timothy, 198
Ballmer, Steve, 43
Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, Lord, 26–27, 279, 282
Banda Islands, 245, 246, 248-49, 271–72
Bangura, Sam, 344
Barbados: as English colony, 106
extractive institutions in, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 126–27, 131
plantations in, 75, 77, 79, 81, 92, 94
population of, 75
Barnett, Ross, 418
Barragán, Miguel, 31
Barrios, Justo Rufino, 348
Baruch, Bernard, 125
Batavian Republic, 293
Bathoen, king of the Ngwaketse, 404–9
Bayezid II, Sultan, 213
Belgium, industrialization in, 300
Belize, Maya city-states in, 143
Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 1, 398
Berlin Wall, 49
Bigge, John, 279
Bismarck, Otto von, 237
Black Death (plague), 96–101, 108, 110, 113, 158, 175, 176, 180, 209, 300, 431, 434
Bligh, William, 277–78
Blyth, Matthew, 263
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 96–97
Boer Republic of the Transvaal, 405
Boers: Great Trek (1835), 404
Jameson Raid, 405
in South Africa, 260–61
Bolivar, Simón, 30
agrarian reform in, 37
extractive institutions in, 77, 115, 179
and geography hypothesis, 50
revolution in (1952), 37
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 4, 28, 29, 61, 214, 221, 288, 290, 362
fall of, 294
Bonn Agreement (2001), 450–51
Botswana (Bechuanaland), 5, 117, 260, 363, 404–9, 411
breaking the mold, 409–14, 426
chiefs’ visit to London, 404–9
Chieftancy Acts, 412
contingencies in, 117
diamonds discovered in, 411–12, 413
economic growth of, 49, 113, 116–17, 409, 413
inclusive institutions of, 409, 410, 413–14, 460
independence of, 408, 409, 411
San people of, 108
Tswana people of, 404–13
and virtuous circle, 413
Bourke, Richard, 281
Brazil, 11: agrarian reform in, 37
labor movement in, 455–57, 459
political transformation in, 5, 436, 457, 459–61
prosperity in, 46, 47 Brin, Sergey, 43, 78
Brindley, James, 205
Britain, see Great Britain
British South Africa Company, 369, 402, 405
Brown v. Board of Education, 417
Bruce, John, 235
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 103
Bryan, William Jennings, 320
Buenos Aires, founding of, 9–11
Buffett, Warren, 38
Bullitt, William, 125
Burke, Edmund, 318
Burkina Faso, 373
Burma (Myanmar), 436
Bush, George H. W., 444
Bush, George W., 453
Bushong people, 59, 133-36, 142, 146, 376, 433
Byzantine Empire, 175
Cable, Henry and Susannah, 275–76, 279
Cadogan, Lady, 275
Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, 286
Cambodia, 46, 47, 50, 390, 441
Cameroon, poverty in, 373
Canada: British acquisition of, 286
French colonies in, 106
and geography hypothesis, 50
prosperity in, 45, 46, 47, 62, 179, 282
as settler colony, 114
Cão, Diogo, 58
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 455, 457
Caribbean Islands: colonization of, 106, 271, 299, 312
extractive institutions in, 126, 149
sugar plantations in, 251
Carnegie, Andrew, 320
Carolina (colony), 27, 279, 459
Cartwright, Edmund, 205
cattle, distribution of, 54, 55, 138
Caxton, William, 213
central bank independence, 447–48
Chamberlain, Joseph, 405–6
Charles I, king of England, 26, 188–90, 286, 304
Charles II, king of England, 190, 191, 193, 302
Charles Stuart “Young Pretender,” Jacobite pretender to the crown of England, 303, 309
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 218, 219, 221
Charles X, king of France, 207
Charrúas people, 10
Chawawa, Fallot, 368
Chen Yun, 438
Chiang Kai-shek, 420
Chile: agrarian reform in, 37
and geography hypothesis, 50, 54, 55
mass repression and murder in, 38
political centralization in, 436
prosperity in, 46, 47, 63, 114–15
China: absolutism in, 117–18, 119, 215, 231–34, 243, 297, 300–301
authoritarian growth in, 437–43, 444, 445
Communist Party in, 93, 94, 151, 390, 420–25, 437–40, 442, 445, 462
Cultural Revolution in, 62, 421–26, 434–35
and culture hypothesis, 57
Democracy Wall movement in, 424
economic growth in, 45, 48, 62–63, 67–68, 93–94, 119, 150–51, 423–24, 439–40, 442–43, 445
economic rebirth in, 420–26, 435, 439
extractive institutions in, 94, 231–32, 298, 420, 423, 436, 439–40, 442, 445, 458, 462
famine in, 421
and geography hypothesis, 50
Great Leap Forward in, 62, 420–21, 422, 426
inclusive institutions in, 426, 439, 442
media censorship in, 440–41, 462
Opium Wars, 118, 119, 273, 298
plague in, 96
property rights in, 439
Taiping Rebellion in, 297
technological innovations in, 231
Tiananmen Square protest, 422–23, 440
Township Village Enterprises, 426
trade with, 199, 232–34, 245, 424, 434, 442, 444
Chun Doo-hwan, 93
civil rights movement, 357, 414–19
Civil War, U.S., 31, 319, 351, 352, 354, 355, 357, 365, 415
Classic Era, 143, 146, 148–49, 150
Claudius, emperor of Rome, 172
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 248
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 285
Collins, David, 275–76
Colombia: agrarian reform in, 37
central bank in, 448
and culture hypothesis, 63
elections in, 377, 382, 387, 399, 401
extractive institutions in, 372, 398, 401, 402
independence of, 399
lack of state centralization in, 383, 399, 401, 436
colonialism, end of, 111–12, 410, 413
Columbus, Christopher, 11, 50, 218
Comaroff, John, 407
Confucian values, 57
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 58–60, 59, 133-36
Belgian colonial rule in, 363
education in, 78–79
extractive institutions in, 83–84, 87–91, 116, 361
independence of, 90
state failure in, 90, 91, 344, 376
vicious circle in, 363
Zairianization (1973), 90
Constantine, emperor of Rome, 176
Continental Congress, First (1774), 28
contingencies, 110–13, 117, 402, 427
Cook, Captain James, 274
Copán, city of, 144–45, 147, 148
Cort, Henry, 203
Cortés, Hernán, 11, 13, 20, 22, 37, 65, 218, 345
Cowperthwaite, George, 196–97
creative destruction, 84–86, 154–55
fear of, 84, 92, 121, 183, 208, 215, 216, 217, 226, 228–29, 232, 233, 430
and growth, 86, 94, 150, 154, 442
and political power, 85, 206–7, 441
and revolution, 362
and technological innovation, 94, 183-84, 202–3, 206, 300, 430
Crimean War (1853-1856), 231
critical junctures: Atlantic trade routes, 110–11, 113, 212, 300, 431, 432, 434
Black Death, 110, 113, 175, 176, 180, 209, 300, 431, 434
and broad coalitions, 427
civil rights movement, 415–19
and civil wars, 401
colonization process, 408–9, 432
contingencies, 110–13
definition of, 431
discovery of the Americas, 175, 222
end of colonialism, 111–12, 410, 413
and extractive institutions, 113, 116, 184
Industrial Revolution, 217, 222, 243, 244, 300
institutional development during, 433
and institutional drift, 109–10, 115, 178, 180, 431, 432, 434
international trade, 106–7, 110–11
Long Summer, 142
and luck, 427
and small differences, 106–10, 113, 157–58, 175, 209, 222, 431, 432
Crompton, Samuel, 204
Cromwell, Oliver, 190, 211, 402
Cuba, 13, 37, 92, 94, 126, 436, 458
Cusco: Spanish capture of, 15–16, 17
Spanish colony in, 18
Dahomey, slavery in, 254, 256, 257
Dalberg, Karl von, 290
Darby, Abraham, 203
Dark Ages, 175
David, Jacques-Louis, Oath of the Horatii, 159
Davis, W. J., 263
De Beers diamond mining company, 340
De León Cardona, Juan, 345
De León Carpio, Ramiro, 345
Deng Xiaoping, 63, 68, 421, 422–26, 438, 439
Dias, Bartolomeu, 245
Díaz, Porfirio, 34–35, 36, 37, 66, 82
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 345
Diocletian, emperor of Rome, 170, 184
dual economy, 258–71
and land ownership, 262–63, 265, 266
modern vs. traditional sector in, 258, 265, 267
South Africa, 258–61, 263, 265, 267–71
Zimbabwe, 402
Du Bois, W.E.B., 355
Dutch East India Company, 106, 247–50, 260, 271–72
economic institutions: choice of, 83–87
conflicts in, 86–87
inclusive vs. extractive, 76–79, 81, 429–31
and political institutions, 42, 43–44, 68–69, 81–83, 87, 91, 94
economic stagnation, 372–73, 390
Edward III, king of England, 97, 99
Egypt: and Arab Spring, 1, 2–3, 398, 436
and British colonialism, 4, 397
economic reforms in, 395–98, 436
extractive institutions in, 372, 397–98, 400, 402, 458
and Ottoman Empire, 4
printing press in, 214
pyramids of Giza in, 174
and Soviet Union, 400
and Suez Canal, 400
Egyptian Revolution (1952), 61, 400
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 34–35
Elizabeth I, queen of England, 105, 106, 111, 182–83, 187
El Salvador, civil war in, 37
England, see Great Britain
English East India Company, 106, 199–200, 247, 272–73
Eritrea, Italian colony in, 237
Estonia, 409
absolutist institutions in, 178, 234–38, 243, 301, 363
Battle of Adowa (1896), 237
extractive institutions in, 237–38, 243, 366, 441
famine in, 361
iron law of oligarchy in, 358–61
and Italy, 237
political centralization in, 435
power struggles in, 344, 358–59
and slave trade, 236
vicious circle in, 360, 363, 366
euro, introduction of, 388
Europe: aristocracies of, 85–86, 300
Black Death in, see Black Death
critical junctures in, 434
and culture hypothesis, 62
Eastern vs. Western, 100–101, 107–10, 109, 113, 114, 157, 209, 223, 290, 300
feudalism/serfdom in, 98–101, 107–8, 109, 176, 294
inclusive institutions in, 181, 282, 291
industrial growth in, 247, 282, 294
and Industrial Revolution, 114, 122, 282
interstate conflicts in, 282, 286, 288, 292–94
Napoleonic invasion of, 290–92, 291
prosperity in, 42, 46, 47, 48, 86
evolutionary or genetic drift, 431
extractive economic institutions, 73–76, 216
and extractive political institutions, 400–402, 430
and failed states, 398–403
under communism, 390
extractive political institutions, 79–83
and critical junctures, 113, 116
and decentralization, 271
and extractive economic institutions, 400–402, 430
growth under, 91–95, 128, 132, 136, 143–46, 150, 151, 184, 430, 436, 439–43, 444–46
and iron law of oligarchy, 402, 436
and power, 343–44, 399–400, 430
preventing industrialization, 243, 271
and vicious circles, 343, 344, 345, 350–51, 353, 357, 362–63, 365–66, 376, 399, 401–2, 430, 436
Ezana, king of Aksum, 176
Fanon, Frantz, 374
Farouk, king of Egypt, 398
Fasuluku, Sheku, 339
Fayt, Carlos, Law and Ethics, 331
Federal Trade Commission, 38–39
Ferdinand, king of Spain, 28, 218, 219, 220
Ferdinand VII, king of Spain, 29
Fertile Crescent, agriculture in, 52, 53
feudalism, 98–101, 107–8, 109, 110, 158, 176, 180–81, 209, 283–84, 287, 290, 293, 294, 434
Fingoland, 261–64
First Welfare Theorem, 64
Flabianico, Domenico, 153
Flavius Aetius, 166–67
Florentine Codices, 12
foreign aid, failure of, 450–55
Foster, John, 206
France: absolutist institutions in, 188, 210, 283, 284–85, 289
armies of, 292–94
Assembly of Notables in, 285, 286, 362
Black Death in, 96
as constitutional monarchy, 287–88
currency reform in, 388
Eighteenth Brumaire coup in, 288
empowerment in, 459
Estates- General in, 105, 107, 286–87
Fronde Rebellion (1648-1652), 106
inclusive institutions in, 289, 318, 362–63, 458
international competition with, 272, 432
July Revolution in (1830), 207, 310
media in, 461
and Mexico, 34
National Constituent Assembly, 287, 289
prosperity in, 60
Republic of, 292
Revolution in (1789), 4, 114, 207, 282, 283–89, 291–93, 300, 318, 362–63, 426, 458, 459, 461
and Rhineland, 292
Seven Years’ War, 286
Spain invaded by, 28
storming of the Bastille, 287
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 223–26, 350
Freter, AnnCorinne, 145
Fujimori, Alberto, 461–62
Gabon, natural resources in, 445
Gadsden purchase (1853), 8
Gagarin, Yuri, 128
Gates, Sir Thomas, 23
Geiseric, king of Vandals, 167
Gentz, Friedrich von, 225
geography hypothesis, 3, 48–56
Germany: African colonies of, 404
contrast of East and West, 49
industrialization in, 300
National Socialist (Nazi) Party in, 445
serfs in, 100
Ghana: economic decline in, 64–65
and ignorance hypothesis, 66–67, 446
Gibbon, Edward, 236
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 166
Giorgis, Dawit Wolde, 359–60
Gladstone, William, 316
global warming, eras of, 136–37, 142
Glorious Revolution, England (1688), 4, 106, 186, 197, 272, 311, 362
and inclusive institutions, 102–4, 113, 195, 208, 332
and media, 461
and Parliament, 285, 303, 402–3, 410
and pluralism, 110, 195, 209, 210–11, 303, 306–9, 318, 364, 366, 410, 458
and rule of law, 305, 306, 318
Gómez Farías, Valentín, 31
Gonlin, Nancy, 145
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 132
Goulart, João, 455
grains, distribution of, 54, 56, 138
Grant, Ulysses S., 34
Great Britain: and Atlantic trade, 110–11, 113, 188, 209, 210, 212, 219, 432, 434
Bank of England, 195
Black Act (1723), 302–5, 308, 310, 313, 332, 387
Black Death in, 97–100
censorship ceased in, 309
Chartist movement in, 311, 314–15
civil war in, 19, 102, 106, 186, 189–90, 193, 210, 302, 402
colonies of, 4, 19–22, 23–28, 45, 61, 62, 104, 106, 113–14, 200, 260, 261, 263, 335–44, 433
Corn Laws, 206, 207, 316, 317–18
Declaration of Rights, 191
economic opportunities in, 4, 219
Education Acts (1870, 1902), 317
emergence of democracy in, 310–18, 333
empowerment of citizens in, 309, 314
empowerment in, 458–59
First Reform Act, 207, 314, 316, 417
Glorious Revolution in, see Glorious Revolution
inclusive institutions in, 102–4, 157, 175, 180, 181, 195, 208, 308–10, 313–14, 317, 332, 362–63, 364, 434, 458
Industrial Revolution in, see Industrial Revolution
institutional drift in, 209–12, 300, 434
Jacobites in, 303–4
labor market in, 100
literacy in, 215
Luddite Riots (1811-1816), 310
Magna Carta, 185, 186, 189, 191, 209, 311, 362, 407, 410
Manchester Act (1736), 201, 211
media in, 461
monopolies in, 32, 187–90, 193–94, 197, 199, 200, 202, 208, 209
National Reform Union, 315
Navigation Acts, 201–2
Parliament, 105, 107, 108, 185–87, 188–96, 199, 201, 207, 209–11, 217, 238, 272, 303, 304, 306, 310, 311, 315, 318, 402–3, 410
Peasants’ Revolt (1381), 99, 187, 209
People’s Charter, 311–12, 314–15
Peterloo Massacre, 207, 309, 310
pluralism in, see pluralism
and political centralization, 186–87, 195–96, 217
property rights in, 192, 195, 197–99, 202, 208, 410
public health in, 51
redistributive state of, 316–17
Representation of the People Act (1918), 316
Restoration (1660), 302
rule of law in, 305–10, 313, 317, 318, 328–29, 333
Seven Years’ War, 286
and slavery, 255
social unrest in, 310–12
Spa Fields Riots (1816), 310
Stonehenge in, 174
Sumptuary Laws, 200
Swing Riots (1830), 310
trade protection in, 199–202, 272
virtuous circles in, 306, 308–10, 312, 314, 317
voting rights, 192–93, 310, 311–12, 315–16, 318, 333
worker protests, 206–7
Great Depression, 325, 329, 415
Greenland Ice Core Project, 161
Grube, Nikolai, 147
Guaraní people, 10–11
Guatemala: agrarian reform in, 37
coffee production in, 347–48, 350, 351
mass repression and murder in, 38
Maya city-states in, 143, 146, 147, 345, 350, 366
vicious circle in, 345–51, 362, 365
guilds, 225, 283, 284, 288, 291, 293, 294
Gutenberg, Johannes, 213
Hadrian, emperor of Rome, 169, 173
Haile Selassie, 358–61
Haiti: education in, 78–79
extractive institutions of, 92, 94, 126
political decentralization in, 216, 244
poverty in, 45, 46, 47, 115, 373
state collapse in, 435
Hannibal, 159
Harappa civilization, 51
Hayes, Rutherford B., 355
Hearst, William Randolph, 324
Hemming, John, 261–62
Henry II, king of France, 105
Henry VII, king of England, 186, 196
Henry VIII, king of England, 187, 196, 217
Hidalgo, Father Miguel, 29
Hill, Christopher, 187–88
Hispaniola, 13
historical determinism, 435
history, turning points in, 432–34
Holy Roman Empire, 222
Homestead Act (1862), 37
Honduras, Maya city-states in, 143
Hong Kong, and culture hypothesis, 57
Hongwu, emperor of China, 232
Hua Guofeng, 423–25
Hu Jintao, 440–41
Humbolt, Alexander von, 32
Hungary, 409
serfs in, 100–101, 108 see also Austro-Hungarian empire
hunter-gatherers, 108, 137, 138–40, 260
Huntridge, John, 305, 308, 387
Hu Qiaomu, 424
Hussein, Saddam, 444
Hwang Pyŏng-Wŏn, 70–71
Ice Age, 136
Igbo peoples, 341–42
ignorance hypothesis, 63–68, 446
Inca Empire, 15–19, 17, 21, 22, 50, 52, 53, 114, 386, 432, 433
inclusive economic institutions, 73–79
characteristics of, 429–30
and creative destruction, 84–85, 154–55, 430
education and skills created in, 313, 317
and foreign aid, 454–55
and inclusive political institutions, 309, 314, 324, 333, 364
the making of, 102–4
and market economy, 113, 313, 323
and prosperity, 75, 76–79, 83–87, 429
and sustained economic growth, 453
and technological advances, 313
inclusive political institutions, 79–83
centralization in, 216, 243–44, 430, 460
characteristics of, 430
Glorious Revolution (1688), 102–4, 113, 195, 208, 332
and inclusive economic institutions, 309, 314, 324, 333, 364
resistance to, 217
and virtuous circles, 308–10, 334, 364–65, 430–31
India: caste system in, 118
and East India Company, 272
and geography hypothesis, 50, 54
health care in, 449–50
institutional drift in, 118
spice trade in, 245
textile producers in, 199–200, 272–73
Industrial Revolution, 4, 102–4
in Britain, 32–34, 45, 54, 84–86, 103, 113, 122, 157, 174, 179, 180, 192, 194, 197, 208–12, 215, 222, 298–99, 300, 314
and creative destruction, 84–86, 206, 300
as critical juncture, 217, 231, 243, 244, 300, 431
impact of, 215, 244, 298–99, 300
innovation in, 32–34, 78, 202–6
and prosperity, 48, 59–60, 271
spread of, 113, 114, 122, 157, 282
technological breakthroughs in, 32, 84, 103, 105, 182–83, 197, 202–6, 213, 215, 226, 243
in U.S., 32–34, 45, 172, 282, 299
and worker protests, 206–7
Inongo, Dominique Sakombi, 361
institutional drift, 108–10, 115, 157, 175, 178, 180, 209–12, 300, 409, 431, 434
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 66–67, 371, 446–47
international trade, 36, 37, 106–7, 110–11, 113, 178, 188, 205, 220
competition in, 199–202
institutional drift, 209
in slaves, see slavery; tariff protection of, 199–202
inventions, 32, 34, 36, 77, 182–83, 197
Iran, 461
iron law of oligarchy, 111–12, 358–62, 366, 372, 387–88, 402, 403, 436, 457–58
Isabella, queen of Spain, 218, 219, 220
Israel, prosperity of, 142–43
Black Death in, 96–97
Napoleon’s invasion of, 292–93
Iturbide, Augustín de, 30, 31, 34–35
James I, king of England, 20, 22, 183, 187–88, 189
James II, king of England, 190, 193, 194, 195, 199, 210, 211, 303, 402–3, 458
James “Old Pretender,” Jacobite pretender to the crown of England, 303
Jamestown: English settlement at, 20–22, 106, 277, 433, 459
General Assembly in, 26, 28, 82
inclusive institutions in, 281–82, 332
indigenous peoples embargo on, 22, 23
Japan, 5
absolutist rule in, 118–19, 297
constitutional monarchy in, 297
Diet (parliament) in, 297
and geography hypothesis, 50
industrialization in, 297
institutional reform in, 119, 301
international trade with, 118, 298, 433
Meiji Restoration in, 119, 296, 298, 301, 366, 426, 433, 458
prosperity in, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50, 62
samurai in, 294–97
Satcho Alliance in, 294
Satsuma domain in, 294–98, 301
Shimazu family in, 295
territorial expansion of, 445
Tokugawa family, 294–95, 296, 297, 298
Tosa domain in, 295
and World War II, 70
Jasmine Revolution, 1
Jiang Qing, 422
Jiang Zemin, 438
John, king of England, 185, 191
Johnson, Andrew, 354
Johnson, Joseph, 207
Jordan, poverty in, 46
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 223
Juche system, 72–73
Kangxi, emperor of China, 233
Kankrin, Count Egor, 228–30
Karimova, Gulnora, 394
Kennedy, John F., 418
Kennedy, Robert F., 418
Khalil, Wael, 2
Khama, king of Botswana and Ngwato, 116–17, 404–9, 411
Khama, Seretse, 116–17, 411–12, 413
Khoikhoi people, 260
Khrushchev, Nikita, 127
Killick, Tony, 64–65
Kim Il-Sung, 72–73
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 414
K’inich Yax, Mayan chief, 144–45
Knight, John, 207
Kongo, Kingdom of, 58–60, 59, 83-84, 87–91, 115, 134, 225, 234, 251, 254
Korea: North-South contrast in, 49, 57–58, 63, 72–73, 72
38th parallel in, 58, 70–73 see also North Korea; South Korea
Koroma, Ernest Bai, 401
Kropotkin, Peter, 227
Lafayette, Marquis de, 287
Land Ordinance (1785), 37
las Casas, Bartolomé de, 13–15
A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 13
Latin America, see Americas
law and order: and political centralization, 87, 94
rule of law, 43, 75, 305–10, 313, 317, 318, 333
state enforcement of, 80
Lee, William, 182–83, 187, 206
Leibniz, Gottfried, 203
Leopold II, king of Belgium, 90, 361
Lewis, Sir Arthur, 65, 258–59, 265, 267, 269, 270
liberalism, changed meanings of, 348
libertarianism, 348
Lincoln, Abraham, 357
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 443
Liu Xiaobo, 440
Livingstone, David, 404
Livy, 162
Lloyd George, David, 316
Locke, John, 27
Long Summer, 136–43
Louis XIV, king of France (Sun King), 107, 285–86
Louis XVI, king of France, 286, 287, 288, 292
Louis XVII, 288
Lucius Aemilius Paullus, 159
Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 164
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 455–57, 459
Macarthur, James, 340
Macarthur, John, 278, 279, 281, 282
Madagascar, 116
Magna Carta, 185, 186, 189, 191, 209, 311, 362, 407, 410
maize, domestication of, 137, 179
Malaysian Peninsula, 49, 245, 246
Mancuso, Salvatore, 378–82
Mao Zedong, 62, 63, 298, 390, 420–23, 424, 439
Margai, Sir Albert, 336–37
Maria Theresa, Empress, 223, 224
Marie Antoinette, queen of France, 287, 288
market economy: definition of, 64
invisible hand of, 130
market failure: definition of, 64
micro-market failures, 448–50
Martin, Simon, 147
Maryland, Charter of, 26–27, 279, 282, 459
Maximilian, emperor of Mexico, 34
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 218
Mayan cities: Classic Era of, 143, 146, 148–49, 150
collapse of, 95, 147–49, 158, 168
constant warfare among, 146–47, 148, 148
extractive institutions of, 143–50, 179, 345, 350, 366, 376
languages of, 144
Spanish invasion of, 114
McAdam, John, 205
McKinley, William, 321
media: censorship of, 309, 440–41, 462
and empowerment, 461–62
in Peru, 461–62
and revolutions, 461
in U.S., 309, 324, 325, 333–34
Mehmet II, Sultan, 120
Meiji Restoration, 119, 296, 298, 301, 366, 426, 433, 458
Melaka, 245–46
Memphis, Egypt, 174
Menelik II, king of Ethiopia, 237, 358–59
Menem, Carlos Saúl, 331, 383, 386, 387
Mengistu Haile Mariam, 358–61
Meredith, James, 418
Metternich, Klemens von, 224
Mexican-American War (1846-1848), 8, 31
Battle of Tecoac, 34
constitutions of, 28–30, 35, 40
contrasts with U.S., 7–9, 28–32, 34–42, 49, 63, 65–66
and culture hypothesis, 57
economic stagnation in, 37
extractive institutions in, 32, 82, 179
and France, 34
and geography hypothesis, 50, 53, 55
Hidalgo Revolt (1810) in, 29
and ignorance hypothesis, 65–66, 67
incentives blocked in, 32, 39, 42
independence from Spain, 8, 28, 29–30, 32, 346
international trade with, 37, 41
Maya city-states in, 143
natural resources in, 36
path-dependent change in, 36–38
Plan de Iguala, 30
political instability in, 30, 31–32, 34, 37
political institutions in, 8, 34, 37, 436
population density (1500), 24, 25
property rights in, 35
recurso de amparo in, 40
as Spanish colony, 23, 26, 29, 36, 218
Michels, Robert, 111, 112, 360, 366
Microsoft Corporation, 38–39
Middle East: authoritarian regimes in, 61
divide between rich and poor in, 46, 48
European colonization in, 121
and geography hypothesis, 55–56
Islam in, 61
Neolithic Revolution in, 157, 174
and Ottoman Empire, 56, 61, 120–21
Millennium Challenge Accounts, 453–54
Ming dynasty, 117–18, 231–34, 300–301, 434
Missouri Compromise, 31
Mobutu, Joseph, 83–84, 90, 361, 454
Moctezuma, 12–13
modernization theory, 443–45
Mohenjo Daro civilization, 51
Moluccan Archipelago, 245–47, 246, 250, 299
Montesinos, Valdimiro, 461–62
Montesquieu, Baron de, 49
Moore, Francis, 253
Mubarak, Hosni, 1, 2, 3, 4, 395, 398, 436, 458
Mugabe, Robert, 368–72, 373, 399, 447, 458
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 414
Napoleon, Louis, 362
Napoleonic Wars, 260
Napoleon II, emperor of France, 34
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 61, 398, 400, 458
Natal, state of, 259, 261, 270
Natufian culture, 137–43, 146, 149, 179
Ndebele people, 369
Need, Samuel, 204
negative feedback, 364–67
Neolithic Revolution, 55–56, 132, 137, 141, 142, 149, 157, 174, 175, 179
Dutch East India Company, 106, 247–50, 260, 271–72
Newcomen, Thomas, 202
New France, 106
Newport, Christopher, 20, 21–22, 23
New South Wales, 274, 277–82, 340
inclusive institutions in, 279–80, 282
Rum Rebellion (1806), 277–78
Squatters in, 278–81
New Spain, 13–15
New World, 13–19, 27 see also Americas
NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 449–50, 451–52, 454
Nicholas I, tsar of Russia, 227–29, 337, 350
Nicholas of Upton, Brother, 98
Nigeria: British rule in, 341–42
economic collapse in, 257
oracle at Arochukwa in, 253–54
poverty in, 62
power struggles in, 344
and slave trade, 254
tribal institutions in, 363
Nkomo, Joshua, 370
Nogales, Arizona, 7–9, 38, 40, 41, 42, 63
and geography hypothesis, 49, 51, 53
public health in, 51
Nogales, Mexico, 7–9, 38, 40, 41, 42, 49
and culture hypothesis, 57, 63
Norfolk Island, 277
North America: democratic institutions in, 26, 27, 82
empowerment in, 458
English colonies in, 19–22, 23, 25–28, 106, 305, 432–33
political rights in, 27
prosperity in, 36, 42, 46, 47 see also specific colonies
North Korea: absolutist institutions in, 74, 80, 399
Communist Party in, 76, 79, 388–90, 399, 400
currency reform in, 388–90
extractive institutions in, 76, 79, 390, 398, 400, 401, 436
poverty in, 1, 3, 46, 47, 58, 71, 73, 74, 390 see also Korea
Nosseir, Mohamed, 396–97
Nzinga a Nkuwu, king of Kongo, 58
Opium Wars, 118, 119, 273, 298
Orange Free State, 260–61, 270
absolutist institutions in, 215, 216, 231, 243, 300
barriers to development in, 213–16, 300
collapse of, 216
extractive institutions of, 120–21
trade routes, 245
Owen, Robert, 224–25
Papin, Dionysius, 202–3
Parthenopean Republic, 293
patent systems, 32–34, 182–83, 202–6, 208, 352
Paul, Lewis, 204
People’s Republic of China, see China
Perón, Juan Domingo, 330, 385, 387
Perry, Matthew C., 118, 298, 433
Peru: agrarian reform in, 37
civil war in, 37
constitution rewritten in, 329
European exploration of, 11
extractive institutions in, 77, 115, 179, 432, 433
and geography hypothesis, 50, 53
indigenous people in, 63
media in, 461–62
mita system in, 17–18, 115, 133
population density (1500), 24, 25
poverty in, 42, 52, 63, 67, 115, 432
Spanish conquest of, 15, 16, 23, 218, 432–33
technology in, 52–53
Peter the Great, emperor of Russia, 107, 217, 227, 238
Petronius Maximus, 167
Philip II, king of Spain, 19, 105, 111, 219, 221
Philip III, king of Spain, 219
Phillips, David Graham, 324
pigs, distribution of, 54, 55, 138
Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, 38
Pizarro, Francisco, 11, 15, 16, 20, 22, 37
Pliny the Elder, 171
and Glorious Revolution, 110, 195, 209, 210–11, 303, 306–9, 318, 364, 366, 410, 458
and inclusive institutions, 81, 186–87, 308–10, 333, 364, 460
and monarchy, 104, 105, 185–87, 307, 458
and Parliament, 185–87, 193, 196, 199, 201, 211
and political centralization, 87, 186–87, 196, 221, 460
and rule of law, 306–9, 318, 333
Plutarch, 163
Pocahontas, 21
Poland, serfs in, 100
Poland-Lithuania, kingdom of, 107
political centralization, 87, 94, 115, 116, 435–36
and absolutist institutions, 216–17, 244
and extractive institutions, 149, 430
and inclusive institutions, 216, 243–44, 430, 460
and pluralism, 87, 186–87, 196, 221, 460
resistance to, 217
political conflict, 184–90
political institutions: constraints on policymaking, 447
in context, 447
and economic institutions, 42, 43–44, 68–69, 81–83, 87, 91, 94
extractive vs. inclusive, 79–83
rules governing incentives in, 79–80
and world inequality, 42, 43, 44, 68–69, 429–31
Portugal: absolutist institutions in, 210
education in, 215
explorers from, 53–54
international trade, 115, 245–46, 251, 272
positive feedback, 332–34, 364
poverty: and disease, 51
and market failure, 64
origins of, 436
politics of, 44
in tropical climates, 48–51
Powhatan Confederacy, 20–22
printing press, 213–15
productivity: agricultural, 52, 136, 339, 415, 426
and education, 78–79
and extractive institutions, 91–92
incentives for, 129–31
and inclusive institutions, 75, 77–78
and Industrial Revolution, 32
and Protestant ethic, 57, 60–61
and tropical diseases, 49
prosperity: and creative destruction, 84–86
and democracy, 444
and education, 77
engineering of, 446–50
and inclusive institutions, 75, 76–79, 83–87, 429
politics of, 44
Prussia, 292
Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, 159
Qaddafi, Muammar, 373
Qing dynasty, 231, 233–34, 300–301
Quechua language, 18
Querandí people, 10
Quiroga, Facundo, 386
in England (1688), see Glorious Revolution
failure of, 5
in France, see under France
and political transformation, 4–5, 458–59
in Russia (1917), 125, 316, 318, 389, 458
Rhee, Syngman, 71
Rhodes, Cecil, 369, 404–7, 408, 409
Ríos Montt, Efrain, 38
Roanoke, English colony at, 20, 106
Robbins, Lionel, 64
Roberts, Richard, 204
Robespierre, Maximilien de, 288, 363, 459
Rockefeller, John D., 319, 320, 324
Roh Tae-woo, 93
and barbarians, 166–67, 168, 180
bread and circuses in, 168, 172
civil wars in, 164, 166, 168, 169
collapse of, 95, 98, 148, 152, 157, 164, 167–72, 173–74, 175, 179–80
economic growth in, 160, 162, 170
expansion of, 162, 170, 179–80
extractive institutions of, 158, 168, 169, 170, 184, 329
fear of creative destruction in, 171–72
life expectancy in, 184
Plebeian Assembly in, 159–60, 162, 164, 168, 185
Praetorian Guard, 168
technologies in, 170–71
wealth gap in, 162–63
Roman Republic, 293
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 325–30, 332, 343–44
Roosevelt, Theodore, 66, 321–23, 324, 325
Rothschild, Amschel, 289–90
Rothschild, Nathan, 226
Rothschild, Salomon, 226
Royal African Company, 193–94
Russia: absolutist reign in, 86, 216, 217, 222, 227–31, 243, 300, 314, 333, 347, 402, 445
after 1922, see Soviet Union
Bolshevik Revolution (1917) in, 125, 316, 318, 389, 458
Decembrists in, 228
development resisted in, 347
extractive institutions in, 436, 458
natural resources, 445
Ryūkyū Islands, 295
Ryūma, Sakamoto, 295
Saad, Farid, 396
Sachs, Jeffrey, 49
Sadat, Anwar, 395
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 12
Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de, 288, 363
Salinas, Carlos, 39
Samuelson, Paul, 128
Santa Ana, Antonio López de, 31–32, 34–35, 36
Saudi Arabia, oil in, 46, 61, 445
Saxton, John Thacker, 207
Schumpeter, Joseph, 84
Scipio Africanus, 159
Scotland: Act of Union in, 192, 274
England vs., 189
Sebele, king of the Kwena, 404–9
Second Serfdom, 100–101, 110, 223
sedentary groups, 138–41
Selim I, Sultan, 213
September 11
attacks, 450
serfs, 98–101, 107–8, 109, 176, 223, 225, 227, 228, 283, 290, 293
Seva Mandir, 449–50
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), 286
Sheba, Queen of, 235
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 354
Shyaam, king of Kuba, 134–36, 140, 142, 146, 149, 376, 433
Sierra Leone: diamond mining in, 340, 342, 361, 375, 412
extractive institutions in, 398, 401–2, 410
postindependence in, 336, 340, 342–43, 345, 366, 401, 410
RUF invasion/civil war of, 373–75, 376, 377, 401, 402
state failure in, 372, 373–74, 375–76, 377, 390, 398, 400, 401–2
vicious circle in, 335–44, 345, 347, 360–61, 363, 366, 374, 408, 448
Silk Road, 96
Sinclair, Duncan, 274–75
Singapore: and culture hypothesis, 57, 62
and geography hypothesis, 50
prosperity in, 42, 45, 49, 50, 62
slavery: abolition of, 255–58, 354, 357
African trade, 60, 88, 115–16, 178, 193–94, 236, 250–58, 252, 273, 301, 341, 402
decline of, 158, 176, 180, 434
in English colonies, 75
in extractive economies, 81, 116, 149
in U.S., 30–31, 250, 255, 351–54, 352, 365, 415
Slim, Carlos, 38, 39–40, 44, 324, 396
small differences, 105–10
absolutism in Spain, 218–22
and critical junctures, 106–10, 113, 157–58, 175, 209, 222, 431, 432
and institutional drift, 157, 431, 432
Smith, Adam, 130
Solomon, king of Ethiopia, 235, 359
British colony in, 241
clans in, 80, 87, 238–41, 242, 244
Italian colony in, 237
Songhai, slavery in, 251
Sonjica, Stephen, 262
South Africa: Afrikaners (Boers) in, 260–61
agriculture in, 261–64
apartheid society in, 117, 265–71, 341, 356, 415
Bantu Authorities Act (1951), 267–68
Bantu Education Act (1994), 269
Boer Wars, 261
extractive institutions of, 270, 341
and geography hypothesis, 50
land ownership in, 262–63, 268, 408
mines in, 60, 261, 264, 267, 268, 270
Natives Land Act (1913), 265–66, 266, 268, 369
Soweto uprising (1976), 270–71
Southeast Asia: and Dutch East India Company, 247–50, 271–72
Southern Rhodesia, 369–70, 405, 458
South Korea: economic growth in, 93, 94, 119
and geography hypothesis, 49, 50
inclusive institutions in, 74–75; 79, 80
law and order in, 74
prosperity in, 42, 45, 58, 71, 73
technology in, 77–78 see also Korea
Soviet Union: before 1922, see Russia
collapse of, 48, 93, 94, 120, 132, 390, 392
Communist Party in, 126, 129, 131, 132, 149, 389–90
economic growth in, 48, 126, 127–28, 132, 150, 439–40, 441
economic trajectory of, 124–32
and Egypt, 400
extractive institutions of, 93, 94, 131–32, 149, 170, 402, 439–40
Five-Year Plans in, 92, 126, 128–29
political purges in, 129, 131, 389
State Planning Committee, 126, 128–30
Spain: absolutist institutions in, 188, 210, 218–22, 243
American colonies of, 9–19, 26, 52, 79, 105, 114–15, 218–21, 346, 350, 402, 433
Aztecs invaded by, 11–13
Bonaparte’s invasions of, 28, 29, 221
Bourbon monarchy in, 223
Cádiz Constitution, 28, 29, 346
colonial independence from, 8, 28, 29–30, 32, 346
colonization strategies of, 11, 14–16, 18–19, 23
Comunero Rebellion (1520), 221
constitutional monarchy in, 28
Cortes (parliament), 28, 29, 105, 107, 218, 220–21
economic decline of, 221
Jews driven from, 219
popular sovereignty of, 28
Reconquest in, 218
technology in, 52–53
spinning wheel, 204
Stalin, Joseph, 125–26, 127, 128–29, 131, 392–93
state: centralization of, 95
collapse of, 95, 376–77, 398–403
definition of, 80–81
transformation of, 402–3
Statute of Laborers (1351), 98–99, 100
Stephens, J. R., 311–12
Stevens, Siaka, 336–37, 338, 340, 342–43, 344, 360–61, 373, 374, 401, 448, 454
Stone Age civilizations, 50
Strasser, Valentine, 343
Strutt, Jedediah, 204
sub-Saharan Africa: agriculture in, 262
extractive institutions in, 91, 94, 112–13, 115, 345, 372, 409
failed states in, 90
and geography hypothesis, 50, 53
political centralization in, 435–36
postindependence in, 338, 343, 366, 372, 376, 436
poverty in, 42, 45, 46, 48, 115, 361
Suez Canal, 400
Süleyman I the Magnificent, Sultan, 120
Suluku (warrior king), 335, 339
Sun God Inti, 15
Syria, poverty in, 46, 61, 142
Taft, William Howard, 321, 323
Taiwan, prosperity in, 42, 45, 119
T’ang Chen, 233
Taqali, Kingdom of, 241–42
Tarbell, Ida, 324
Tarquin the Proud, 159
Telford, Thomas, 205
Temple of the Sun, Cusco, 16
Tenochtitlan, Spanish invasion of, 11–13
teosinte, 137
Tewodros II, emperor of Ethiopia, 236–37, 359
Texas, annexation of, 32
Theodoric the Goth, 167
Tiberius Gracchus, 158–59, 162, 163, 168, 171
Tokugawa family, 118–19
Toledo, Francisco de, 16, 18, 20, 37
Toshimichi, Ōkubo, 294–97
transportation: canals, 197, 205
investment in, 197–98
railways, 36, 205, 206, 226, 228–31, 230, 297, 321, 337, 347, 406, 408
steam power, 202–3
technological innovations in, 347
Trevithick, Richard, 103, 205–6
Tswana people, 404–13
chiefs’ visit to London, 404–9
and independence, 411–13 see also Botswana
kgotla political institution of, 407–8, 409, 411, 460
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 286
Tyler, Wat, 99
Ubico, Jorge, 350
Uganda, power struggles in, 344, 376
Ukit Took, Mayan king, 145
United States: balance of power in, 329
Black Codes, 355–56
border of Mexico and, 8–9
centralized, powerful states in, 80
civil rights movement in, 357, 414–19
Civil War in, 31, 319, 351, 352, 354, 355, 357, 365, 415
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), 323, 324
Constitution, 28, 30–31, 35, 319, 323, 324, 355, 416
Continental Congress, 28
Declaration of Independence, 459
democracy in, 7, 9, 26, 28, 33
economic opportunities in, 4–5, 31, 33–34, 35
empowerment in, 459
entrepreneurs in, 32, 33–34, 41, 42, 43, 44, 77
Federal Reserve Board, 323
Federal Trade Commission, 323
frontier lands, 37
and geography hypothesis, 50
Hepburn Act (1906), 323
Homestead Act (1862), 319
and ignorance hypothesis, 65–66
inclusive institutions in, 43, 74–75, 80, 282, 299, 309–10, 319, 323–25, 328–29, 344, 416, 419, 459
individual states in, 30–31
Industrial Revolution in, 32–34, 45, 172, 282, 299
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 321, 323
Jim Crow laws in, 355–57, 414–18
Ku Klux Klan in, 356
land ownership in, 319
manufacturing employment in, 353
market economy of, 323–24
media in, 309, 324, 325, 333–34, 461
Missouri Compromise, 31
monopolies in, 319–20, 323, 324
muckrakers in, 324–25
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), 325–26
National Labor Relations Act, 326, 328
political institutions in, 4–5, 42, 43, 325, 328
political stability in, 43, 329
population density (1500), 24, 25
Populist movement, 320–21
Progressive movement, 320–21, 323, 324
prosperity in, 3, 42, 46, 47, 62, 179
Public Works Administration, 325–26
Reconstruction, 355
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 321, 322, 323, 324
slavery in, 30–31, 250, 255, 351–54, 352, 365, 415
Social Security Act, 326, 328, 332
South, 351–57, 362, 365, 414–19, 426
Supreme Court, 325-29, 330, 332, 344, 416–17
taxation in, 323
three-fifths rule in, 30–31
trust-busting in, 319–25
virtuous circles in, 309, 319, 324, 329
voting rights in, 319, 352, 355, 416, 417, 418–19
Uribe, Álvaro, 382–83
U.S. Steel Company, 320
Uzbekistan, 390–95, 398, 399, 402
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 319
Vansina, Jan, 133
Venetian Republic, 113, 152–56, 157, 179–80, 184, 199, 329
Venezuela, 37, 46, 329, 445, 460
Versailles, treaty of, 124–25
Verwoerd, Hendrik, 269
Vespasian, emperor of Rome, 171–72
vicious circles: in Argentina, 331
and extractive institutions, 343, 344, 345, 350–51, 353, 357, 362–63, 365–66, 376, 399, 401–2, 430, 436
in Guatemala, 345–51, 362, 365
and iron law of oligarchy, 360, 366, 436
and negative feedback, 364–67
in Sierra Leone, 335–44, 345, 347, 360–61, 363, 366, 374, 408, 448
in U.S. South, 351–57, 362, 365
Victoria, queen of England, 405, 406
Vijayanagara, India, 50–51
Virginia Company, see Jamestown
virtuous circles, 306, 312, 314, 317
and inclusive institutions, 308–10, 334, 364–65, 430–31
and positive feedback, 332–34, 364
predictions of, 435
Wahunsunacock, Chief, 20–22, 23
Walpole, Sir Robert, 304–5, 311, 329, 332, 387
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), 304
Wars of the Roses, 19, 186, 209
Washington, Bushrod, 327
Washington, George, 34
Washington consensus, 441, 446–47
Watt, James, 103, 104, 105, 202, 208
wealth gap, see world inequality
Webster, David, 145
Wen Jiabao, 442
Wilberforce, William, 255
William of Orange, 190, 191–92, 211, 303
Williams, Ruth, 117
Wilson, Woodrow, 66, 125, 321, 323, 324
Wingfield, Edward Marie, 21
witch doctors, 263
world inequality: culture hypothesis of, 56–63
and distribution of political power, 42–43
divide between rich and poor, 46, 47, 48, 428
and economic institutions, 42, 43–44, 429–31
geography hypothesis of, 48–56
grievances and resentment caused by, 41
historical origins of theory, 428–37
ignorance hypothesis of, 63–68
industrial technology in, 52–53
and policy recommendations, 436–37
and political institutions, 42, 43, 44, 68–69, 429–31
predictive power of theory, 434–37
roots of, 454
theory of, 40–44, 429, 432, 434–37
World War I, end of, 124–25
Xhosa people, 260–61
Yaqui, 37
Yax Ehb’ Xook, Mayan king, 146
Yax Pasaj, Mayan king, 145, 147
Yir Yoront peoples, 141
Yongle, emperor of China, 232
Yoruba city-states, 257
Yoshinobu, Shogun, 296
Young, Arthur, 19
Younger Dryas, 136
Zaire, vicious circle in, 361
Zheng He, 232
economic collapse of, 371–72, 390, 398, 401, 447–48
extractive institutions in, 402, 410, 458