INDEX

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to maps or charts.

absolutist institutions, 80, 86, 89–91

in Africa, 115, 116, 178

and centralization, 216–17, 244

Communist Party, 389–90

definition of, 216

of East vs. West Europe, 107–8, 294

new absolutism, 388–90

opponents of, 106, 208–9, 210, 212, 244

Abu Hureyra, village of, 138, 141, 174, 184

Abyssinia, see Ethiopia

Acheampong, Ignatius Kutu, 67

Afghanistan: foreign aid in, 450–53

political decentralization in, 216, 244, 435

poverty in, 45, 46, 47, 115

Taliban in, 450–51

Africa: cheap labor in, 264–65, 267, 268, 269

and culture hypothesis, 57, 58–60

disease in, 49, 51, 260, 274, 341, 369

European colonies of, 59–60, 90, 116, 236–37, 257, 264, 267, 341, 369, 404

forced labor in, 256

and geography hypothesis, 50, 53–54

and ignorance hypothesis, 66–67

and Industrial Revolution, 59–60, 115

instability in, 115, 238, 376

and institutional drift, 115

Islam in, 175

legitimate commerce of, 256, 257

plague in, 96

postindependence governments of, 60, 112, 116, 338, 343, 363–64, 369–70

poverty in, 42, 45, 46, 47, 57, 115

slave trade in, see slavery; sub-Saharan, see sub-Saharan Africa

tribal institutions in, 363

vicious circles in, 360–61

warfare and conflict in, 252–53, 255, 273, 344 see also specific nations

Agricola, Roman governor of Britain, 172

agriculture: collectivization of, 126

and domestication, 137–39, 141

and extractive institutions, 143–49

and geography hypothesis, 3, 51–52

and land ownership, 339–40

and Neolithic Revolution, 132, 137

plant and animal species, 51–52, 54, 138

plantations, 75, 77, 79, 81, 92, 94, 353–55, 357, 365, 415–16

productivity in, 52, 136, 339, 415, 426

staple products of, 19–20

and Swing Riots (1830), 310

transition to, 140–42, 143, 149

and tropical soils, 49

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 461

Ahmed III, Sultan, 214

Aksum, Ethiopia, 51, 176–77, 177, 234, 237

Alabama, 354–56, 414–16, 419

Alaric (Goth leader), 166

Albu, George, 264–65

Alfonsín, Raúl, 331

Ali, Muhammad, 61, 397

Allen, Paul, 43

Allen, Robert, 184

Almeida, Manoel de, 235–36

Al Qaeda, 450

Alvarado, Pedro de, 345

Álvares, Francisco, 235

Ambon, 246, 247-48

Americas: absolutist institutions in, 80

constitutional crisis in, 29

and culture hypothesis, 57

democracies in, 38, 387

discovery of, 50, 105–6, 175, 220

divide between rich and poor in, 46, 48

economic reform in, 447–48

encomiendas in, 13–14, 16, 18, 19, 29, 76, 346, 350, 386

English colonies in, 19–22, 23–28, 210, 274, 282, 433

European colonization of, 11, 114, 179, 299, 386, 433–34

extraction of resources in, 10–11, 19, 76, 81, 114, 179, 219–20, 350, 387, 433

forced labor in, 10–11, 14, 16, 18, 19, 29, 76, 77

frontier lands of, 36–37

and geography hypothesis, 48–53, 55

and globalization, 36

independence in, 29, 274

iron law of oligarchy in, 387–88

legal system in, 76

mita system in, 16–18, 17, 19, 76, 77, 115

path-dependent change in, 36–38

political centralization in, 436

population density (1500), 24, 25

reducciones in, 16–17

repartimiento de mercancias in, 18–19, 76, 346, 350

Spanish colonies in, 9–19, 26, 52, 79, 105, 114–15, 218–21, 346, 350, 402, 433

vicious circles in, 345–51

writing systems in, 53 see also specific nations

Angevin family, 108

Angola, 251, 252, 252, 344, 373, 376

Arabia, spice trade with, 245

Arab Spring, 1, 2–3, 398, 436, 461

Argentina: central bank in, 448

constitution rewritten in, 331

and culture hypothesis, 62

economic collapse in, 120, 372, 383–85, 398

economic growth in, 48, 385

elections in, 401

extractive institutions in, 329, 372, 385, 387, 398, 401, 402, 445

founding of Buenos Aires, 9–11

and geography hypothesis, 50, 55

Inca Empire in, 386

mass murders in, 38

Pampas in, 10

political institutions in, 385–87, 401

prosperity in, 46, 47, 63, 114–15, 445

Supreme Court in, 329–32, 385

vicious circle in, 331

Arkwright, Richard, 103, 105, 204, 208

Armenia, 394

Asante, Ghana, 254–55, 256, 257

Ashley-Cooper, Sir Anthony, 27, 279

Asquith, H. H., 316

Atahualpa, 15

Atlantic trade, 158

and Britain, 110–11, 113, 188, 205, 208, 209, 210, 212, 219, 432, 434

as critical juncture, 110–11, 113, 212, 300, 431, 432, 434

Attila the Hun, 167

Augustus Caesar, 164, 168, 179

aurochs, distribution of, 54, 55

Australia, 274–82

agriculture in, 278, 279

economic growth in, 299

inclusive institutions in, 279–80, 282, 299

Industrial Revolution in, 282

laws in, 276, 281

mining in, 340–41

primitive people of, 50, 141, 277

prosperity in, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50, 62

as settler colony, 114, 274–77, 299

Squatters in, 278–81, 341

voting rights in, 281, 341

Austria, 288, 292

Austro-Hungarian empire, 86, 222–26, 229, 231, 243, 290, 300, 314, 333, 346–47, 408

authoritarian growth, 437–46

in China, 437–43, 444, 445

and media, 461–62

and modernization theory, 443–45

Ayolas, Juan de, 10, 11

Aztec civilization, 22, 50, 52, 53, 146

and Spanish invasion, 11–13, 114

Baker v. Carr, 417

Balbín, Ricardo, 330

Baldwyn, Sir Timothy, 198

Ballmer, Steve, 43

Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, Lord, 26–27, 279, 282

Banda Islands, 245, 246, 248-49, 271–72

Bangura, Sam, 344

Barbados: as English colony, 106

extractive institutions in, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 126–27, 131

plantations in, 75, 77, 79, 81, 92, 94

population of, 75

slavery in, 75, 77, 81, 92

Barnett, Ross, 418

Barragán, Miguel, 31

Barrios, Justo Rufino, 348

Baruch, Bernard, 125

Batavian Republic, 293

Bathoen, king of the Ngwaketse, 404–9

Bayezid II, Sultan, 213

Belgium, industrialization in, 300

Belize, Maya city-states in, 143

Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 1, 398

Berlin Wall, 49

Bezos, Jeff, 43, 78

Bigge, John, 279

Bismarck, Otto von, 237

Black Death (plague), 96–101, 108, 110, 113, 158, 175, 176, 180, 209, 300, 431, 434

Bligh, William, 277–78

Blyth, Matthew, 263

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 96–97

Boer Republic of the Transvaal, 405

Boers: Great Trek (1835), 404

Jameson Raid, 405

in South Africa, 260–61

Bolivar, Simón, 30

Bolivia, 16, 29

agrarian reform in, 37

extractive institutions in, 77, 115, 179

and geography hypothesis, 50

poverty in, 46, 47, 63, 115

revolution in (1952), 37

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 4, 28, 29, 61, 214, 221, 288, 290, 362

empire of, 291, 291, 293

fall of, 294

Bonn Agreement (2001), 450–51

Botswana (Bechuanaland), 5, 117, 260, 363, 404–9, 411

breaking the mold, 409–14, 426

chiefs’ visit to London, 404–9

Chieftancy Acts, 412

contingencies in, 117

diamonds discovered in, 411–12, 413

economic growth of, 49, 113, 116–17, 409, 413

elections in, 410, 411

inclusive institutions of, 409, 410, 413–14, 460

independence of, 408, 409, 411

pluralism in, 410, 413

San people of, 108

Tswana people of, 404–13

and virtuous circle, 413

Bourke, Richard, 281

Brandeis, Louis, 324, 328

Brazil, 11: agrarian reform in, 37

labor movement in, 455–57, 459

political transformation in, 5, 436, 457, 459–61

prosperity in, 46, 47 Brin, Sergey, 43, 78

Brindley, James, 205

Britain, see Great Britain

British South Africa Company, 369, 402, 405

Brown v. Board of Education, 417

Bruce, John, 235

Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 103

Bryan, William Jennings, 320

Buenos Aires, founding of, 9–11

Buffett, Warren, 38

Bullitt, William, 125

Burke, Edmund, 318

Burkina Faso, 373

Burma (Myanmar), 436

Burundi, 344, 435, 441

Bush, George H. W., 444

Bush, George W., 453

Bushong people, 59, 133-36, 142, 146, 376, 433

Busia, Kofi, 66–67, 446

Byzantine Empire, 175

Cable, Henry and Susannah, 275–76, 279

Cadogan, Lady, 275

Cadogan, William, 304, 305

Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, 286

Cambodia, 46, 47, 50, 390, 441

Cameroon, poverty in, 373

Canada: British acquisition of, 286

French colonies in, 106

and geography hypothesis, 50

prosperity in, 45, 46, 47, 62, 179, 282

as settler colony, 114

Cão, Diogo, 58

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 455, 457

Caribbean Islands: colonization of, 106, 271, 299, 312

extractive institutions in, 126, 149

slave trade in, 92, 149, 251

sugar plantations in, 251

Carnegie, Andrew, 320

Carolina (colony), 27, 279, 459

Carrera, Rafael, 346, 348

Cartwright, Edmund, 205

Castaño, Jesus, 378, 382

cattle, distribution of, 54, 55, 138

Caxton, William, 213

central bank independence, 447–48

Chad, 344, 373

Chamberlain, Joseph, 405–6

Charlemagne, 152, 176

Charles I, king of England, 26, 188–90, 286, 304

Charles II, king of England, 190, 191, 193, 302

Charles Stuart “Young Pretender,” Jacobite pretender to the crown of England, 303, 309

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 218, 219, 221

Charles X, king of France, 207

Charrúas people, 10

Chávez, Hugo, 387, 460

Chawawa, Fallot, 368

Chen Yun, 438

Chiang Kai-shek, 420

Chile: agrarian reform in, 37

and geography hypothesis, 50, 54, 55

mass repression and murder in, 38

political centralization in, 436

prosperity in, 46, 47, 63, 114–15

China: absolutism in, 117–18, 119, 215, 231–34, 243, 297, 300–301

authoritarian growth in, 437–43, 444, 445

Communist Party in, 93, 94, 151, 390, 420–25, 437–40, 442, 445, 462

Cultural Revolution in, 62, 421–26, 434–35

and culture hypothesis, 57

Democracy Wall movement in, 424

economic growth in, 45, 48, 62–63, 67–68, 93–94, 119, 150–51, 423–24, 439–40, 442–43, 445

economic rebirth in, 420–26, 435, 439

extractive institutions in, 94, 231–32, 298, 420, 423, 436, 439–40, 442, 445, 458, 462

famine in, 421

Gang of Four in, 422–24, 426

and geography hypothesis, 50

Great Leap Forward in, 62, 420–21, 422, 426

inclusive institutions in, 426, 439, 442

media censorship in, 440–41, 462

Opium Wars, 118, 119, 273, 298

plague in, 96

property rights in, 439

Taiping Rebellion in, 297

technological innovations in, 231

Tiananmen Square protest, 422–23, 440

Township Village Enterprises, 426

trade with, 199, 232–34, 245, 424, 434, 442, 444

“Two Whatevers,” 423, 424

Chun Doo-hwan, 93

Ciskei, 259–63, 265, 268

civil rights movement, 357, 414–19

Civil War, U.S., 31, 319, 351, 352, 354, 355, 357, 365, 415

Classic Era, 143, 146, 148–49, 150

Claudius, emperor of Rome, 172

Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 248

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 285

Collins, David, 275–76

Colombia: agrarian reform in, 37

central bank in, 448

civil war in, 37, 377–83, 380

and culture hypothesis, 63

elections in, 377, 382, 387, 399, 401

extractive institutions in, 372, 398, 401, 402

independence of, 399

lack of state centralization in, 383, 399, 401, 436

and prosperity, 46, 47

colonialism, end of, 111–12, 410, 413

Columbus, Christopher, 11, 50, 218

Comaroff, John, 407

Confucian values, 57

Congo, Democratic Republic of, 58–60, 59, 133-36

Belgian colonial rule in, 363

education in, 78–79

extractive institutions in, 83–84, 87–91, 116, 361

independence of, 90

poverty in, 87–91, 373

state failure in, 90, 91, 344, 376

vicious circle in, 363

Zairianization (1973), 90

Constantine, emperor of Rome, 176

Continental Congress, First (1774), 28

contingencies, 110–13, 117, 402, 427

Cook, Captain James, 274

Copán, city of, 144–45, 147, 148

Cort, Henry, 203

Cortés, Hernán, 11, 13, 20, 22, 37, 65, 218, 345

Côte d’Ivoire, 344, 376

Cowperthwaite, George, 196–97

creative destruction, 84–86, 154–55

fear of, 84, 92, 121, 183, 208, 215, 216, 217, 226, 228–29, 232, 233, 430

and growth, 86, 94, 150, 154, 442

and political power, 85, 206–7, 441

and revolution, 362

and technological innovation, 94, 183-84, 202–3, 206, 300, 430

Crimean War (1853-1856), 231

critical junctures: Atlantic trade routes, 110–11, 113, 212, 300, 431, 432, 434

Black Death, 110, 113, 175, 176, 180, 209, 300, 431, 434

and broad coalitions, 427

civil rights movement, 415–19

and civil wars, 401

colonization process, 408–9, 432

contingencies, 110–13

definition of, 431

discovery of the Americas, 175, 222

end of colonialism, 111–12, 410, 413

and extractive institutions, 113, 116, 184

and feudalism, 176, 209, 434

French Revolution, 114, 300

Industrial Revolution, 217, 222, 243, 244, 300

institutional development during, 433

and institutional drift, 109–10, 115, 178, 180, 431, 432, 434

international trade, 106–7, 110–11

Long Summer, 142

and luck, 427

Mao’s death, 423, 426

and small differences, 106–10, 113, 157–58, 175, 209, 222, 431, 432

Crompton, Samuel, 204

Cromwell, Oliver, 190, 211, 402

Cuba, 13, 37, 92, 94, 126, 436, 458

culture hypothesis, 3, 56–63

Cusco: Spanish capture of, 15–16, 17

Spanish colony in, 18

Dahomey, slavery in, 254, 256, 257

Dai Guofang, 437–38, 439

Dalberg, Karl von, 290

Dale, Sir Thomas, 23, 25

Darby, Abraham, 203

Dark Ages, 175

David, Jacques-Louis, Oath of the Horatii, 159

Davis, W. J., 263

De Beers diamond mining company, 340

De León Cardona, Juan, 345

De León Carpio, Ramiro, 345

Deng Xiaoping, 63, 68, 421, 422–26, 438, 439

Diamond, Jared, 51–54, 141

Dias, Bartolomeu, 245

Díaz, Porfirio, 34–35, 36, 37, 66, 82

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 345

Diocletian, emperor of Rome, 170, 184

domestication, 137–39, 141

Dominican Republic, 46, 47

Douglas, Mary, 133, 134

dual economy, 258–71

and land ownership, 262–63, 265, 266

modern vs. traditional sector in, 258, 265, 267

South Africa, 258–61, 263, 265, 267–71

Zimbabwe, 402

Du Bois, W.E.B., 355

Dutch East India Company, 106, 247–50, 260, 271–72

economic institutions: choice of, 83–87

conflicts in, 86–87

inclusive vs. extractive, 76–79, 81, 429–31

and political institutions, 42, 43–44, 68–69, 81–83, 87, 91, 94

economic stagnation, 372–73, 390

Ecuador, 46, 47, 63

Edison, Thomas A., 33, 77, 78

Edward III, king of England, 97, 99

Egypt: and Arab Spring, 1, 2–3, 398, 436

and British colonialism, 4, 397

and culture hypothesis, 3, 61

economic problems in, 2, 398

economic reforms in, 395–98, 436

extractive institutions in, 372, 397–98, 400, 402, 458

and Ottoman Empire, 4

poverty in, 1–4, 46, 61

printing press in, 214

pyramids of Giza in, 174

and Soviet Union, 400

and Suez Canal, 400

Egyptian Revolution (1952), 61, 400

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 34–35

Elizabeth I, queen of England, 105, 106, 111, 182–83, 187

El Salvador, civil war in, 37

empowerment, 455–57, 458–62

England, see Great Britain

English East India Company, 106, 199–200, 247, 272–73

Eritrea, Italian colony in, 237

Estonia, 409

Ethiopia, 176–78, 177

absolutist institutions in, 178, 234–38, 243, 301, 363

Battle of Adowa (1896), 237

extractive institutions in, 237–38, 243, 366, 441

famine in, 361

iron law of oligarchy in, 358–61

and Italy, 237

political centralization in, 435

poverty in, 42, 237–38

power struggles in, 344, 358–59

and slave trade, 236

vicious circle in, 360, 363, 366

euro, introduction of, 388

Europe: aristocracies of, 85–86, 300

Black Death in, see Black Death

critical junctures in, 434

and culture hypothesis, 62

Eastern vs. Western, 100–101, 107–10, 109, 113, 114, 157, 209, 223, 290, 300

feudalism/serfdom in, 98–101, 107–8, 109, 176, 294

inclusive institutions in, 181, 282, 291

industrial growth in, 247, 282, 294

and Industrial Revolution, 114, 122, 282

interstate conflicts in, 282, 286, 288, 292–94

Napoleonic invasion of, 290–92, 291

prosperity in, 42, 46, 47, 48, 86

railroads in, 230, 231

revolutions in, 229, 231

evolutionary or genetic drift, 431

extractive economic institutions, 73–76, 216

characteristics of, 430, 453

and extractive political institutions, 400–402, 430

and failed states, 398–403

under communism, 390

extractive political institutions, 79–83

absolutist, 216, 271

and critical junctures, 113, 116

and decentralization, 271

and extractive economic institutions, 400–402, 430

growth under, 91–95, 128, 132, 136, 143–46, 150, 151, 184, 430, 436, 439–43, 444–46

infighting in, 95, 150

instability in, 150, 430

and iron law of oligarchy, 402, 436

and power, 343–44, 399–400, 430

preventing industrialization, 243, 271

and vicious circles, 343, 344, 345, 350–51, 353, 357, 362–63, 365–66, 376, 399, 401–2, 430, 436

Ezana, king of Aksum, 176

Fanon, Frantz, 374

Farouk, king of Egypt, 398

Fasuluku, Sheku, 339

Fayt, Carlos, Law and Ethics, 331

Federal Trade Commission, 38–39

Ferdinand, king of Spain, 28, 218, 219, 220

Ferdinand VII, king of Spain, 29

Fertile Crescent, agriculture in, 52, 53

feudalism, 98–101, 107–8, 109, 110, 158, 176, 180–81, 209, 283–84, 287, 290, 293, 294, 434

Fingoland, 261–64

First Welfare Theorem, 64

Flabianico, Domenico, 153

Flavius Aetius, 166–67

Florentine Codices, 12

foreign aid, failure of, 450–55

Foster, John, 206

France: absolutist institutions in, 188, 210, 283, 284–85, 289

ancien régime, 283, 294

armies of, 292–94

Assembly of Notables in, 285, 286, 362

Black Death in, 96

colonies of, 61, 106, 285

as constitutional monarchy, 287–88

constitution in, 283–84, 287

currency reform in, 388

Eighteenth Brumaire coup in, 288

empowerment in, 459

Estates- General in, 105, 107, 286–87

Fronde Rebellion (1648-1652), 106

inclusive institutions in, 289, 318, 362–63, 458

international competition with, 272, 432

Jacobins in, 287, 288, 459

July Revolution in (1830), 207, 310

media in, 461

and Mexico, 34

National Constituent Assembly, 287, 289

prosperity in, 60

Reign of Terror in, 288, 459

Republic of, 292

Revolution in (1789), 4, 114, 207, 282, 283–89, 291–93, 300, 318, 362–63, 426, 458, 459, 461

and Rhineland, 292

Seven Years’ War, 286

Spain invaded by, 28

storming of the Bastille, 287

taxation in, 283, 284

Third Republic, 285, 318

Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 223–26, 350

Freter, AnnCorinne, 145

Fujimori, Alberto, 461–62

Gabon, natural resources in, 445

Gadsden purchase (1853), 8

Gagarin, Yuri, 128

Gama, Vasco da, 105, 245

Gates, Bill, 38, 43, 44, 78

Gates, Sir Thomas, 23

Geiseric, king of Vandals, 167

Gentz, Friedrich von, 225

geography hypothesis, 3, 48–56

Germany: African colonies of, 404

contrast of East and West, 49

French control of, 292, 294

industrialization in, 300

National Socialist (Nazi) Party in, 445

serfs in, 100

Ghana: economic decline in, 64–65

and ignorance hypothesis, 66–67, 446

postindependence in, 343, 370

slavery in, 251, 254–55

Gibbon, Edward, 236

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 166

Giorgis, Dawit Wolde, 359–60

Gladstone, William, 316

globalization, 36, 40

global warming, eras of, 136–37, 142

Glorious Revolution, England (1688), 4, 106, 186, 197, 272, 311, 362

and inclusive institutions, 102–4, 113, 195, 208, 332

and media, 461

and Parliament, 285, 303, 402–3, 410

and pluralism, 110, 195, 209, 210–11, 303, 306–9, 318, 364, 366, 410, 458

and rule of law, 305, 306, 318

Gómez Farías, Valentín, 31

Gonlin, Nancy, 145

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 132

Goths, 166, 167

Goulart, João, 455

grains, distribution of, 54, 56, 138

Grant, Ulysses S., 34

Great Britain: and Atlantic trade, 110–11, 113, 188, 209, 210, 212, 219, 432, 434

Bank of England, 195

Black Act (1723), 302–5, 308, 310, 313, 332, 387

Black Death in, 97–100

Calicoe Acts, 200–201, 272

censorship ceased in, 309

Chartist movement in, 311, 314–15

civil war in, 19, 102, 106, 186, 189–90, 193, 210, 302, 402

colonies of, 4, 19–22, 23–28, 45, 61, 62, 104, 106, 113–14, 200, 260, 261, 263, 335–44, 433

Corn Laws, 206, 207, 316, 317–18

Declaration of Rights, 191

economic growth in, 45, 113

economic opportunities in, 4, 219

Education Acts (1870, 1902), 317

emergence of democracy in, 310–18, 333

empowerment of citizens in, 309, 314

empowerment in, 458–59

First Reform Act, 207, 314, 316, 417

Glorious Revolution in, see Glorious Revolution

inclusive institutions in, 102–4, 157, 175, 180, 181, 195, 208, 308–10, 313–14, 317, 332, 362–63, 364, 434, 458

Industrial Revolution in, see Industrial Revolution

institutional drift in, 209–12, 300, 434

Jacobites in, 303–4

labor market in, 100

literacy in, 215

Luddite Riots (1811-1816), 310

Magna Carta, 185, 186, 189, 191, 209, 311, 362, 407, 410

Manchester Act (1736), 201, 211

media in, 461

merchant class in, 219, 303

monopolies in, 32, 187–90, 193–94, 197, 199, 200, 202, 208, 209

National Reform Union, 315

Navigation Acts, 201–2

Parliament, 105, 107, 108, 185–87, 188–96, 199, 201, 207, 209–11, 217, 238, 272, 303, 304, 306, 310, 311, 315, 318, 402–3, 410

Peasants’ Revolt (1381), 99, 187, 209

penal colonies, 274–77, 279

People’s Charter, 311–12, 314–15

Peterloo Massacre, 207, 309, 310

pluralism in, see pluralism

and political centralization, 186–87, 195–96, 217

property rights in, 192, 195, 197–99, 202, 208, 410

prosperity in, 3, 60

public health in, 51

redistributive state of, 316–17

Representation of the People Act (1918), 316

Restoration (1660), 302

Roman era in, 172–75, 180

rule of law in, 305–10, 313, 317, 318, 328–29, 333

Seven Years’ War, 286

and slavery, 255

social unrest in, 310–12

Spa Fields Riots (1816), 310

and Spanish Armada, 111, 112

Stonehenge in, 174

Sumptuary Laws, 200

Swing Riots (1830), 310

taxation in, 196–97, 221, 317

Tory Party, 303, 306, 316

trade protection in, 199–202, 272

union of 1707, 192, 274

virtuous circles in, 306, 308–10, 312, 314, 317

voting rights, 192–93, 310, 311–12, 315–16, 318, 333

Whig Party, 210, 303–6, 311

worker protests, 206–7

Great Depression, 325, 329, 415

Greenland Ice Core Project, 161

Grey, Earl, 311, 312

Grube, Nikolai, 147

Guaraní people, 10–11

Guatemala: agrarian reform in, 37

civil war in, 37, 350

coffee production in, 347–48, 350, 351

independence of, 346, 365

mass repression and murder in, 38

Maya city-states in, 143, 146, 147, 345, 350, 366

poverty in, 46, 47

vicious circle in, 345–51, 362, 365

guilds, 225, 283, 284, 288, 291, 293, 294

Gutenberg, Johannes, 213

Habsburg rule, 218–19, 222–26

Hadrian, emperor of Rome, 169, 173

Haile Selassie, 358–61

Haiti: education in, 78–79

extractive institutions of, 92, 94, 126

political decentralization in, 216, 244

poverty in, 45, 46, 47, 115, 373

state collapse in, 435

Hannibal, 159

Harappa civilization, 51

Hargreaves, James, 85, 204

Hayes, Rutherford B., 355

Hearst, William Randolph, 324

Hemming, John, 261–62

Henry II, king of France, 105

Henry VII, king of England, 186, 196

Henry VIII, king of England, 187, 196, 217

Hidalgo, Father Miguel, 29

Hill, Christopher, 187–88

Hispaniola, 13

historical determinism, 435

history, turning points in, 432–34

Holy Roman Empire, 222

Homestead Act (1862), 37

Honduras, Maya city-states in, 143

Hong Kong, and culture hypothesis, 57

Hongwu, emperor of China, 232

Hua Guofeng, 423–25

Hu Jintao, 440–41

Humbolt, Alexander von, 32

Hungary, 409

serfs in, 100–101, 108 see also Austro-Hungarian empire

Huns, 166–67, 175, 177

hunter-gatherers, 108, 137, 138–40, 260

Huntridge, John, 305, 308, 387

Hu Qiaomu, 424

Hussein, Saddam, 444

Hwang Pyŏng-Wŏn, 70–71

Ice Age, 136

Igbo peoples, 341–42

ignorance hypothesis, 63–68, 446

Inca Empire, 15–19, 17, 21, 22, 50, 52, 53, 114, 386, 432, 433

inclusive economic institutions, 73–79

characteristics of, 429–30

and creative destruction, 84–85, 154–55, 430

education and skills created in, 313, 317

and foreign aid, 454–55

and inclusive political institutions, 309, 314, 324, 333, 364

the making of, 102–4

and market economy, 113, 313, 323

and prosperity, 75, 76–79, 83–87, 429

reversal of, 157, 180

and sustained economic growth, 453

and technological advances, 313

inclusive political institutions, 79–83

centralization in, 216, 243–44, 430, 460

characteristics of, 430

Glorious Revolution (1688), 102–4, 113, 195, 208, 332

and inclusive economic institutions, 309, 314, 324, 333, 364

resistance to, 217

and virtuous circles, 308–10, 334, 364–65, 430–31

India: caste system in, 118

and East India Company, 272

as English colony, 118, 312

and geography hypothesis, 50, 54

health care in, 449–50

institutional drift in, 118

Mughal rulers of, 118, 272

spice trade in, 245

textile producers in, 199–200, 272–73

Industrial Revolution, 4, 102–4

in Britain, 32–34, 45, 54, 84–86, 103, 113, 122, 157, 174, 179, 180, 192, 194, 197, 208–12, 215, 222, 298–99, 300, 314

and creative destruction, 84–86, 206, 300

as critical juncture, 217, 231, 243, 244, 300, 431

impact of, 215, 244, 298–99, 300

innovation in, 32–34, 78, 202–6

opponents of, 85–86, 213–44

and prosperity, 48, 59–60, 271

spread of, 113, 114, 122, 157, 282

technological breakthroughs in, 32, 84, 103, 105, 182–83, 197, 202–6, 213, 215, 226, 243

in U.S., 32–34, 45, 172, 282, 299

and worker protests, 206–7

Inongo, Dominique Sakombi, 361

institutional drift, 108–10, 115, 157, 175, 178, 180, 209–12, 300, 409, 431, 434

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 66–67, 371, 446–47

international trade, 36, 37, 106–7, 110–11, 113, 178, 188, 205, 220

competition in, 199–202

institutional drift, 209

in slaves, see slavery; tariff protection of, 199–202

inventions, 32, 34, 36, 77, 182–83, 197

Iran, 461

Iraq, 55, 444

iron law of oligarchy, 111–12, 358–62, 366, 372, 387–88, 402, 403, 436, 457–58

Isabella, queen of Spain, 218, 219, 220

Islam, 61, 175, 214

Israel, prosperity of, 142–43

Italy, 60, 237, 300

Black Death in, 96–97

Napoleon’s invasion of, 292–93

Iturbide, Augustín de, 30, 31, 34–35

Jamaica, 92, 94, 126, 131

James I, king of England, 20, 22, 183, 187–88, 189

James II, king of England, 190, 193, 194, 195, 199, 210, 211, 303, 402–3, 458

James “Old Pretender,” Jacobite pretender to the crown of England, 303

Jamestown: English settlement at, 20–22, 106, 277, 433, 459

General Assembly in, 26, 28, 82

inclusive institutions in, 281–82, 332

indigenous peoples embargo on, 22, 23

self-government in, 82, 279

Japan, 5

absolutist rule in, 118–19, 297

constitutional monarchy in, 297

Diet (parliament) in, 297

economic growth in, 119, 301

and geography hypothesis, 50

industrialization in, 297

institutional reform in, 119, 301

international trade with, 118, 298, 433

Meiji Restoration in, 119, 296, 298, 301, 366, 426, 433, 458

prosperity in, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50, 62

samurai in, 294–97

Satcho Alliance in, 294

Satsuma domain in, 294–98, 301

Shimazu family in, 295

shogun in, 294–98, 301

territorial expansion of, 445

Tokugawa family, 294–95, 296, 297, 298

Tosa domain in, 295

and World War II, 70

Jasmine Revolution, 1

Java, 245, 248, 249

Jericho, city of, 141, 174

Jews, 219, 289–90

Jiang Qing, 422

Jiang Zemin, 438

João I, king of Kongo, 58, 60

Jobs, Steve, 43, 78

John, king of England, 185, 191

Johnson, Andrew, 354

Johnson, Joseph, 207

Jordan, poverty in, 46

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 223

Juche system, 72–73

Julius Caesar, 164, 179

Kabila, Laurent, 83, 361

Kangxi, emperor of China, 233

Kankrin, Count Egor, 228–30

Karimov, Ismail, 390–94, 399

Karimova, Gulnora, 394

Kasai River, 133–36, 376

Kay, John, 85, 204

Kennedy, John F., 418

Kennedy, Robert F., 418

Kenya, 343, 363

Khalil, Wael, 2

Khama, king of Botswana and Ngwato, 116–17, 404–9, 411

Khama, Seretse, 116–17, 411–12, 413

Khan, Ismail, 451, 452

Khoikhoi people, 260

Khrushchev, Nikita, 127

Killick, Tony, 64–65

Kim Il-Sung, 72–73

Kim Jong-Il, 72–73, 389, 399

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 414

K’inich Yax, Mayan chief, 144–45

Knight, John, 207

Kongo, Kingdom of, 58–60, 59, 83-84, 87–91, 115, 134, 225, 234, 251, 254

Korea: North-South contrast in, 49, 57–58, 63, 72–73, 72

38th parallel in, 58, 70–73 see also North Korea; South Korea

Korean War, 58, 71

Koroma, Ernest Bai, 401

Kropotkin, Peter, 227

Kuba Kingdom, 59, 134-35, 149

Kuwait, oil in, 46, 61

Kuznets, Simon, 384, 386

Lafayette, Marquis de, 287

Land Ordinance (1785), 37

Laos, poverty in, 46, 47

las Casas, Bartolomé de, 13–15

A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 13

Latin America, see Americas

law and order: and political centralization, 87, 94

rule of law, 43, 75, 305–10, 313, 317, 318, 333

state enforcement of, 80

Lee, William, 182–83, 187, 206

Leibniz, Gottfried, 203

Lele people, 59, 133-36, 376

Lenin, V. I., 125, 389

Leopold II, king of Belgium, 90, 361

Lewis, Sir Arthur, 65, 258–59, 265, 267, 269, 270

liberalism, changed meanings of, 348

Liberia, 258, 344, 373

libertarianism, 348

Lincoln, Abraham, 357

Lipset, Seymour Martin, 443

Liu Xiaobo, 440

Livingstone, David, 404

Livy, 162

Lloyd George, David, 316

Locke, John, 27

Long Summer, 136–43

Louisiana, 415, 416

Louis XIV, king of France (Sun King), 107, 285–86

Louis XVI, king of France, 286, 287, 288, 292

Louis XVII, 288

Lucius Aemilius Paullus, 159

Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 164

Luddites, 85, 183, 310

Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 455–57, 459

Macarthur, James, 340

Macarthur, John, 278, 279, 281, 282

Madagascar, 116

Magna Carta, 185, 186, 189, 191, 209, 311, 362, 407, 410

maize, domestication of, 137, 179

Malaysian Peninsula, 49, 245, 246

Mali, 42, 251

Mancuso, Salvatore, 378–82

Mao Zedong, 62, 63, 298, 390, 420–23, 424, 439

Marcus Aurelius, 166, 169

Margai, Sir Albert, 336–37

Margai, Sir Milton, 336, 342

Maria Theresa, Empress, 223, 224

Marie Antoinette, queen of France, 287, 288

market economy: definition of, 64

invisible hand of, 130

market failure: definition of, 64

micro-market failures, 448–50

Martin, Simon, 147

Marx, Karl, 360, 389

Maryland, Charter of, 26–27, 279, 282, 459

Masire, Quett, 408, 411, 413

Matabeleland, 369, 370, 399

Maximilian, emperor of Mexico, 34

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 218

Mayan cities: Classic Era of, 143, 146, 148–49, 150

collapse of, 95, 147–49, 158, 168

constant warfare among, 146–47, 148, 148

and economic growth, 132, 146

extractive institutions of, 143–50, 179, 345, 350, 366, 376

languages of, 144

Spanish invasion of, 114

McAdam, John, 205

McKinley, William, 321

media: censorship of, 309, 440–41, 462

in China, 440–41, 462

and empowerment, 461–62

in Peru, 461–62

and revolutions, 461

in U.S., 309, 324, 325, 333–34

Mehmet II, Sultan, 120

Meiji Restoration, 119, 296, 298, 301, 366, 426, 433, 458

Melaka, 245–46

Memphis, Egypt, 174

Mendeland, 335–37, 342, 361

Mendoza, Pedro de, 10, 11

Menelik II, king of Ethiopia, 237, 358–59

Menem, Carlos Saúl, 331, 383, 386, 387

Mengistu Haile Mariam, 358–61

Meredith, James, 418

Mesopotamia, 174, 242

Metternich, Klemens von, 224

Mexican-American War (1846-1848), 8, 31

Mexican Revolution, 34, 37

Mexico: banking in, 34, 35

Battle of Tecoac, 34

constitutions of, 28–30, 35, 40

contrasts with U.S., 7–9, 28–32, 34–42, 49, 63, 65–66

and culture hypothesis, 57

economic stagnation in, 37

extractive institutions in, 32, 82, 179

and France, 34

and geography hypothesis, 50, 53, 55

Grupo Corso in, 39, 40

Hidalgo Revolt (1810) in, 29

and ignorance hypothesis, 65–66, 67

incentives blocked in, 32, 39, 42

independence from Spain, 8, 28, 29–30, 32, 346

international trade with, 37, 41

Maya city-states in, 143

monopolies in, 32, 39–40, 396

natural resources in, 36

path-dependent change in, 36–38

Plan de Iguala, 30

political instability in, 30, 31–32, 34, 37

political institutions in, 8, 34, 37, 436

population density (1500), 24, 25

poverty in, 52, 67

property rights in, 35

prosperity in, 46, 47

recurso de amparo in, 40

as Spanish colony, 23, 26, 29, 36, 218

Spanish conquest of, 11, 15

Michels, Robert, 111, 112, 360, 366

Microsoft Corporation, 38–39

Middle East: authoritarian regimes in, 61

divide between rich and poor in, 46, 48

European colonization in, 121

and geography hypothesis, 55–56

Hilly Flanks, 137, 138, 141

Islam in, 61

Neolithic Revolution in, 157, 174

oil in, 46, 61

and Ottoman Empire, 56, 61, 120–21

Millennium Challenge Accounts, 453–54

Ming dynasty, 117–18, 231–34, 300–301, 434

Mississippi, 415, 418

Missouri Compromise, 31

Mobutu, Joseph, 83–84, 90, 361, 454

Moctezuma, 12–13

modernization theory, 443–45

Mohenjo Daro civilization, 51

Moluccan Archipelago, 245–47, 246, 250, 299

Momoh, Joseph, 338, 373–74

Montesinos, Valdimiro, 461–62

Montesquieu, Baron de, 49

Moore, Francis, 253

Morgan, J. P., 320, 322

Mozambique, 344, 370, 376

Mubarak, Gamal, 396, 398

Mubarak, Hosni, 1, 2, 3, 4, 395, 398, 436, 458

Mugabe, Robert, 368–72, 373, 399, 447, 458

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 414

Namibia, 116, 404, 409

Napoleon, Louis, 362

Napoleonic Code, 288, 293–94

Napoleonic Wars, 260

Napoleon II, emperor of France, 34

Nariakira, Shimazu, 295, 298

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 61, 398, 400, 458

Natal, state of, 259, 261, 270

Natufian culture, 137–43, 146, 149, 179

Ndebele people, 369

Necker, Jacques, 286, 287

Need, Samuel, 204

negative feedback, 364–67

Neolithic Revolution, 55–56, 132, 137, 141, 142, 149, 157, 174, 175, 179

Nepal, 45, 115, 216, 244, 373

Netherlands, 60, 100, 300

Dutch East India Company, 106, 247–50, 260, 271–72

French seizure of, 292, 293

Newcomen, Thomas, 202

New France, 106

New Granada, 14, 220

Newport, Christopher, 20, 21–22, 23

New South Wales, 274, 277–82, 340

inclusive institutions in, 279–80, 282

Rum Rebellion (1806), 277–78

Squatters in, 278–81

New Spain, 13–15

New World, 13–19, 27 see also Americas

New Zealand, 42, 45, 50, 282

NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), 449–50, 451–52, 454

Nicaragua, 13–14, 37

Nicholas I, tsar of Russia, 227–29, 337, 350

Nicholas of Upton, Brother, 98

Nigeria: British rule in, 341–42

economic collapse in, 257

oracle at Arochukwa in, 253–54

poverty in, 62

power struggles in, 344

and slave trade, 254

tribal institutions in, 363

Nkomo, Joshua, 370

Nkrumah, Kwame, 64–65, 66

Nogales, Arizona, 7–9, 38, 40, 41, 42, 63

and geography hypothesis, 49, 51, 53

public health in, 51

Nogales, Mexico, 7–9, 38, 40, 41, 42, 49

and culture hypothesis, 57, 63

Norfolk Island, 277

North America: democratic institutions in, 26, 27, 82

empowerment in, 458

English colonies in, 19–22, 23, 25–28, 106, 305, 432–33

political rights in, 27

prosperity in, 36, 42, 46, 47 see also specific colonies

North Korea: absolutist institutions in, 74, 80, 399

Communist Party in, 76, 79, 388–90, 399, 400

currency reform in, 388–90

extractive institutions in, 76, 79, 390, 398, 400, 401, 436

famine in, 73, 76, 390

poverty in, 1, 3, 46, 47, 58, 71, 73, 74, 390 see also Korea

Nosseir, Mohamed, 396–97

Nunn, Baptist, 302, 304

Nzinga a Nkuwu, king of Kongo, 58

Opium Wars, 118, 119, 273, 298

Orange Free State, 260–61, 270

Ottoman Empire, 4, 56, 61

absolutist institutions in, 215, 216, 231, 243, 300

barriers to development in, 213–16, 300

collapse of, 216

extractive institutions of, 120–21

trade routes, 245

Owen, Robert, 224–25

Page, Larry, 43, 78

Palestine, 121, 142

Papin, Dionysius, 202–3

Paraguay, 10, 46, 47

Park Chung-Hee, 71–72, 93

Parks, Rosa, 414, 415

Parthenopean Republic, 293

patent systems, 32–34, 182–83, 202–6, 208, 352

Paul, Lewis, 204

People’s Republic of China, see China

Perón, Juan Domingo, 330, 385, 387

Perry, Matthew C., 118, 298, 433

Peru: agrarian reform in, 37

civil war in, 37

constitution rewritten in, 329

European exploration of, 11

extractive institutions in, 77, 115, 179, 432, 433

and geography hypothesis, 50, 53

indigenous people in, 63

media in, 461–62

mita system in, 17–18, 115, 133

population density (1500), 24, 25

poverty in, 42, 52, 63, 67, 115, 432

and prosperity, 46, 47

Spanish conquest of, 15, 16, 23, 218, 432–33

technology in, 52–53

Peter the Great, emperor of Russia, 107, 217, 227, 238

Petronius Maximus, 167

Philip II, king of Spain, 19, 105, 111, 219, 221

Philip III, king of Spain, 219

Phillips, David Graham, 324

pigs, distribution of, 54, 55, 138

Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, 38

Pizarro, Francisco, 11, 15, 16, 20, 22, 37

Pliny the Elder, 171

pluralism, 80, 86–87, 159

and Glorious Revolution, 110, 195, 209, 210–11, 303, 306–9, 318, 364, 366, 410, 458

and inclusive institutions, 81, 186–87, 308–10, 333, 364, 460

and monarchy, 104, 105, 185–87, 307, 458

and Parliament, 185–87, 193, 196, 199, 201, 211

and political centralization, 87, 186–87, 196, 221, 460

and rule of law, 306–9, 318, 333

Plutarch, 163

Pocahontas, 21

Poland, serfs in, 100

Poland-Lithuania, kingdom of, 107

political centralization, 87, 94, 115, 116, 435–36

and absolutist institutions, 216–17, 244

and extractive institutions, 149, 430

and inclusive institutions, 216, 243–44, 430, 460

and pluralism, 87, 186–87, 196, 221, 460

resistance to, 217

political conflict, 184–90

political institutions: constraints on policymaking, 447

in context, 447

created by society, 79, 83–87

and economic institutions, 42, 43–44, 68–69, 81–83, 87, 91, 94

extractive vs. inclusive, 79–83

rules governing incentives in, 79–80

and world inequality, 42, 43, 44, 68–69, 429–31

Portugal: absolutist institutions in, 210

colonies of, 11, 58–59

education in, 215

explorers from, 53–54

international trade, 115, 245–46, 251, 272

positive feedback, 332–34, 364

Potosí, city of, 16–18, 115

poverty: and disease, 51

and market failure, 64

origins of, 436

politics of, 44

in tropical climates, 48–51

in 2008, 46, 47

Powhatan Confederacy, 20–22

Prester John, 234–35, 236

printing press, 213–15

productivity: agricultural, 52, 136, 339, 415, 426

and education, 78–79

and extractive institutions, 91–92

incentives for, 129–31

and inclusive institutions, 75, 77–78

and Industrial Revolution, 32

and Protestant ethic, 57, 60–61

and tropical diseases, 49

prosperity: and creative destruction, 84–86

and democracy, 444

and education, 77

engineering of, 446–50

and inclusive institutions, 75, 76–79, 83–87, 429

patterns of, 46, 48, 436

politics of, 44

and technology, 77, 301

in 2008, 46, 47

Prussia, 292

Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, 159

Pujo, Arsene, 323, 324

Qaddafi, Muammar, 373

Qing dynasty, 231, 233–34, 300–301

Quechua language, 18

Querandí people, 10

Quiroga, Facundo, 386

religion, 57, 60–61

revolution: in Egypt, 61, 400

in England (1688), see Glorious Revolution

failure of, 5

in France, see under France

in Mexico, 34, 37

and political transformation, 4–5, 458–59

in Russia (1917), 125, 316, 318, 389, 458

Rhee, Syngman, 71

Rhodes, Cecil, 369, 404–7, 408, 409

rice, distribution of, 54, 56

Ríos Montt, Efrain, 38

Roanoke, English colony at, 20, 106

Robbins, Lionel, 64

Roberts, Richard, 204

Robespierre, Maximilien de, 288, 363, 459

Rockefeller, John D., 319, 320, 324

Roh Tae-woo, 93

Roman Empire, 157–76, 165

and barbarians, 166–67, 168, 180

bread and circuses in, 168, 172

civil wars in, 164, 166, 168, 169

collapse of, 95, 98, 148, 152, 157, 164, 167–72, 173–74, 175, 179–80

economic growth in, 160, 162, 170

expansion of, 162, 170, 179–80

extractive institutions of, 158, 168, 169, 170, 184, 329

fear of creative destruction in, 171–72

land reform in, 163, 168

legacy of, 157–58, 180

life expectancy in, 184

Plebeian Assembly in, 159–60, 162, 164, 168, 185

Praetorian Guard, 168

and shipwrecks, 160–61, 170

slavery in, 169–70, 172, 251

technologies in, 170–71

wealth gap in, 162–63

Roman Republic, 293

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 325–30, 332, 343–44

Roosevelt, Theodore, 66, 321–23, 324, 325

Rothschild, Amschel, 289–90

Rothschild, Nathan, 226

Rothschild, Salomon, 226

Royal African Company, 193–94

Russia: absolutist reign in, 86, 216, 217, 222, 227–31, 243, 300, 314, 333, 347, 402, 445

after 1922, see Soviet Union

Bolshevik Revolution (1917) in, 125, 316, 318, 389, 458

Decembrists in, 228

development resisted in, 347

extractive institutions in, 436, 458

natural resources, 445

railways, 229–31, 337, 408

Rwanda, 344, 435, 441

Ryūkyū Islands, 295

Ryūma, Sakamoto, 295

Saad, Farid, 396

Sachs, Jeffrey, 49

Sadat, Anwar, 395

Sahagún, Bernardino de, 12

Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de, 288, 363

Salinas, Carlos, 39

Samuelson, Paul, 128

Sankoh, Foday, 373, 374–75

Santa Ana, Antonio López de, 31–32, 34–35, 36

Saudi Arabia, oil in, 46, 61, 445

Sawiris family, 396, 397

Saxton, John Thacker, 207

Schumpeter, Joseph, 84

Scipio Africanus, 159

Scotland: Act of Union in, 192, 274

England vs., 189

Sebele, king of the Kwena, 404–9

Second Serfdom, 100–101, 110, 223

sedentary groups, 138–41

Selim I, Sultan, 213

September 11

attacks, 450

serfs, 98–101, 107–8, 109, 176, 223, 225, 227, 228, 283, 290, 293

Seva Mandir, 449–50

Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), 286

Sheba, Queen of, 235

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 354

Shyaam, king of Kuba, 134–36, 140, 142, 146, 149, 376, 433

Sierra Leone: diamond mining in, 340, 342, 361, 375, 412

extractive institutions in, 398, 401–2, 410

postindependence in, 336, 340, 342–43, 345, 366, 401, 410

poverty in, 1, 3, 42, 62, 373

RUF invasion/civil war of, 373–75, 376, 377, 401, 402

and slavery, 257–58, 341, 402

state failure in, 372, 373–74, 375–76, 377, 390, 398, 400, 401–2

vicious circle in, 335–44, 345, 347, 360–61, 363, 366, 374, 408, 448

Silk Road, 96

Sinclair, Duncan, 274–75

Singapore: and culture hypothesis, 57, 62

and geography hypothesis, 50

prosperity in, 42, 45, 49, 50, 62

slavery: abolition of, 255–58, 354, 357

African trade, 60, 88, 115–16, 178, 193–94, 236, 250–58, 252, 273, 301, 341, 402

in Caribbean, 92, 149, 251

decline of, 158, 176, 180, 434

in English colonies, 75

in extractive economies, 81, 116, 149

in Rome, 169–70, 172, 251

in U.S., 30–31, 250, 255, 351–54, 352, 365, 415

Slim, Carlos, 38, 39–40, 44, 324, 396

small differences, 105–10

absolutism in Spain, 218–22

and critical junctures, 106–10, 113, 157–58, 175, 209, 222, 431, 432

and institutional drift, 157, 431, 432

Smeaton, John, 203, 205

Smith, Adam, 130

Smith, Ian, 370, 372, 458

Smith, John, 21–23, 65, 195

Solís, Juan Díaz de, 9, 11

Solomon, king of Ethiopia, 235, 359

Somalia, 177, 238-43

British colony in, 241

chaos in, 81, 376, 435

clans in, 80, 87, 238–41, 242, 244

Italian colony in, 237

power struggles in, 344, 376

Song dynasty, 231, 234

Songhai, slavery in, 251

Sonjica, Stephen, 262

South Africa: Afrikaners (Boers) in, 260–61

agriculture in, 261–64

apartheid society in, 117, 265–71, 341, 356, 415

Bantu Authorities Act (1951), 267–68

Bantu Education Act (1994), 269

Boer Wars, 261

dual economy of, 258–71, 273

extractive institutions of, 270, 341

and geography hypothesis, 50

Homelands, 265–68, 269, 270

land ownership in, 262–63, 268, 408

mines in, 60, 261, 264, 267, 268, 270

Natives Land Act (1913), 265–66, 266, 268, 369

Soweto uprising (1976), 270–71

South Carolina, 27, 419

Southeast Asia: and Dutch East India Company, 247–50, 271–72

and spice trade, 246, 247

Southern Rhodesia, 369–70, 405, 458

South Korea: economic growth in, 93, 94, 119

and geography hypothesis, 49, 50

inclusive institutions in, 74–75; 79, 80

law and order in, 74

market economy in, 71–72, 74

prosperity in, 42, 45, 58, 71, 73

technology in, 77–78 see also Korea

Soviet Union: before 1922, see Russia

collapse of, 48, 93, 94, 120, 132, 390, 392

collectivization in, 126, 389

Communist Party in, 126, 129, 131, 132, 149, 389–90

economic growth in, 48, 126, 127–28, 132, 150, 439–40, 441

economic trajectory of, 124–32

and Egypt, 400

extractive institutions of, 93, 94, 131–32, 149, 170, 402, 439–40

famines in, 126, 129

Five-Year Plans in, 92, 126, 128–29

political purges in, 129, 131, 389

State Planning Committee, 126, 128–30

space race, 94, 128

Spain: absolutist institutions in, 188, 210, 218–22, 243

American colonies of, 9–19, 26, 52, 79, 105, 114–15, 218–21, 346, 350, 402, 433

Aztecs invaded by, 11–13

Bonaparte’s invasions of, 28, 29, 221

Bourbon monarchy in, 223

Cádiz Constitution, 28, 29, 346

colonial independence from, 8, 28, 29–30, 32, 346

colonization strategies of, 11, 14–16, 18–19, 23

Comunero Rebellion (1520), 221

constitutional monarchy in, 28

Cortes (parliament), 28, 29, 105, 107, 218, 220–21

economic decline of, 221

Jews driven from, 219

Junta Central of, 28, 29

popular sovereignty of, 28

Reconquest in, 218

technology in, 52–53

Spanish Armada, 19, 111, 112

Spice Islands, 245–48, 246

spinning jenny, 85, 204

spinning wheel, 204

Stalin, Joseph, 125–26, 127, 128–29, 131, 392–93

state: centralization of, 95

collapse of, 95, 376–77, 398–403

definition of, 80–81

transformation of, 402–3

Statute of Laborers (1351), 98–99, 100

Steffens, Lincoln, 125, 127

Stephens, J. R., 311–12

Stephenson, George, 206, 226

Stevens, Siaka, 336–37, 338, 340, 342–43, 344, 360–61, 373, 374, 401, 448, 454

Stone Age civilizations, 50

Strasser, Valentine, 343

Strutt, Jedediah, 204

sub-Saharan Africa: agriculture in, 262

extractive institutions in, 91, 94, 112–13, 115, 345, 372, 409

failed states in, 90

and geography hypothesis, 50, 53

political centralization in, 435–36

postindependence in, 338, 343, 366, 372, 376, 436

poverty in, 42, 45, 46, 48, 115, 361

Sudan, 257, 344, 373, 376

Suez Canal, 400

Süleyman I the Magnificent, Sultan, 120

Suluku (warrior king), 335, 339

Sun God Inti, 15

Switzerland, 293, 300

Syria, poverty in, 46, 61, 142

Taft, William Howard, 321, 323

Taiwan, prosperity in, 42, 45, 119

T’ang Chen, 233

Tanzania, 116, 435–36

Taqali, Kingdom of, 241–42

Tarbell, Ida, 324

Tarquin the Proud, 159

Taylor, Charles, 373, 376

Telford, Thomas, 205

Temple of the Sun, Cusco, 16

Tenochtitlan, Spanish invasion of, 11–13

teosinte, 137

Tewodros II, emperor of Ethiopia, 236–37, 359

Texas, annexation of, 32

Theodoric the Goth, 167

Thompson, E. P., 307, 312

Thurmond, Strom, 417, 418

Tiberius Gracchus, 158–59, 162, 163, 168, 171

Tokugawa family, 118–19

Toledo, Francisco de, 16, 18, 20, 37

Toshimichi, Ōkubo, 294–97

Transkei, 259–63, 265, 268

transportation: canals, 197, 205

investment in, 197–98

railways, 36, 205, 206, 226, 228–31, 230, 297, 321, 337, 347, 406, 408

revolution in, 197–98, 205–6

roads, 198, 205

steam power, 202–3

steamship, 36, 103, 203, 297

technological innovations in, 347

Transvaal, 260–61, 270, 405

Trevithick, Richard, 103, 205–6

Tswana people, 404–13

chiefs’ visit to London, 404–9

and independence, 411–13 see also Botswana

kgotla political institution of, 407–8, 409, 411, 460

Tunisia, 1, 2, 398

Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 286

Turkey, 55, 120

Tyler, Wat, 99

Ubico, Jorge, 350

Uganda, power struggles in, 344, 376

Ukit Took, Mayan king, 145

United Nations (UN), 451, 452

United States: balance of power in, 329

banking in, 33–34, 35–36

Black Codes, 355–56

border of Mexico and, 8–9

centralized, powerful states in, 80

civil rights movement in, 357, 414–19

Civil War in, 31, 319, 351, 352, 354, 355, 357, 365, 415

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), 323, 324

Constitution, 28, 30–31, 35, 319, 323, 324, 355, 416

Continental Congress, 28

Declaration of Independence, 459

democracy in, 7, 9, 26, 28, 33

economic opportunities in, 4–5, 31, 33–34, 35

elections in, 35–36, 416

empowerment in, 459

entrepreneurs in, 32, 33–34, 41, 42, 43, 44, 77

Federal Reserve Board, 323

Federal Trade Commission, 323

frontier lands, 37

and geography hypothesis, 50

Hepburn Act (1906), 323

Homestead Act (1862), 319

and ignorance hypothesis, 65–66

inclusive institutions in, 43, 74–75, 80, 282, 299, 309–10, 319, 323–25, 328–29, 344, 416, 419, 459

independence of, 28, 274, 282

individual states in, 30–31

Industrial Revolution in, 32–34, 45, 172, 282, 299

Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 321, 323

Jim Crow laws in, 355–57, 414–18

Ku Klux Klan in, 356

land ownership in, 319

manufacturing employment in, 353

market economy of, 323–24

media in, 309, 324, 325, 333–34, 461

Missouri Compromise, 31

monopolies in, 319–20, 323, 324

muckrakers in, 324–25

National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), 325–26

National Labor Relations Act, 326, 328

New Deal, 325, 328

political institutions in, 4–5, 42, 43, 325, 328

political power in, 28, 42–43

political rights in, 28, 36

political stability in, 43, 329

population density (1500), 24, 25

Populist movement, 320–21

Progressive movement, 320–21, 323, 324

property rights in, 43, 75

prosperity in, 3, 42, 46, 47, 62, 179

Public Works Administration, 325–26

Reconstruction, 355

Robber Barons, 319–25, 334

rule of law in, 43, 75

as settler colony, 114, 299

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 321, 322, 323, 324

slavery in, 30–31, 250, 255, 351–54, 352, 365, 415

Social Security Act, 326, 328, 332

South, 351–57, 362, 365, 414–19, 426

Supreme Court, 325-29, 330, 332, 344, 416–17

taxation in, 323

three-fifths rule in, 30–31

trust-busting in, 319–25

virtuous circles in, 309, 319, 324, 329

voting rights in, 319, 352, 355, 416, 417, 418–19

Uribe, Álvaro, 382–83

Uruguay, 46, 47, 62

U.S. Steel Company, 320

Uzbekistan, 390–95, 398, 399, 402

Vandals, 167, 175, 177

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 319

Vansina, Jan, 133

Venetian Republic, 113, 152–56, 157, 179–80, 184, 199, 329

Venezuela, 37, 46, 329, 445, 460

Versailles, treaty of, 124–25

Verwoerd, Hendrik, 269

Vespasian, emperor of Rome, 171–72

vicious circles: in Argentina, 331

breaking, 402–3, 435

in Ethiopia, 360, 363, 366

and extractive institutions, 343, 344, 345, 350–51, 353, 357, 362–63, 365–66, 376, 399, 401–2, 430, 436

in Guatemala, 345–51, 362, 365

and iron law of oligarchy, 360, 366, 436

and negative feedback, 364–67

in Sierra Leone, 335–44, 345, 347, 360–61, 363, 366, 374, 408, 448

in U.S. South, 351–57, 362, 365

Victoria, queen of England, 405, 406

Vietnam, 441, 458

Vijayanagara, India, 50–51

Virginia Company, see Jamestown

virtuous circles, 306, 312, 314, 317

and inclusive institutions, 308–10, 334, 364–65, 430–31

and positive feedback, 332–34, 364

predictions of, 435

Wahunsunacock, Chief, 20–22, 23

Walpole, Sir Robert, 304–5, 311, 329, 332, 387

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), 304

Wars of the Roses, 19, 186, 209

Washington, Bushrod, 327

Washington, George, 34

Washington consensus, 441, 446–47

Watt, James, 103, 104, 105, 202, 208

wealth gap, see world inequality

weaving, 85, 204–5

Weber, Max, 57, 60, 80

Webster, David, 145

Wen Jiabao, 442

Wentworth, William, 280, 281

Wilberforce, William, 255

William and Mary, 190, 194–95

William of Orange, 190, 191–92, 211, 303

Williams, Ruth, 117

Wilson, Woodrow, 66, 125, 321, 323, 324

Wingfield, Edward Marie, 21

witch doctors, 263

World Bank, 67, 371

world inequality: culture hypothesis of, 56–63

and distribution of political power, 42–43

divide between rich and poor, 46, 47, 48, 428

and economic institutions, 42, 43–44, 429–31

geography hypothesis of, 48–56

grievances and resentment caused by, 41

historical origins of theory, 428–37

ignorance hypothesis of, 63–68

industrial technology in, 52–53

and policy recommendations, 436–37

and political institutions, 42, 43, 44, 68–69, 429–31

and political power, 43, 68

predictive power of theory, 434–37

roots of, 454

theory of, 40–44, 429, 432, 434–37

World War I, end of, 124–25

Xhosa people, 260–61

Yaqui, 37

Yax Ehb’ Xook, Mayan king, 146

Yax Pasaj, Mayan king, 145, 147

Yir Yoront peoples, 141

Yongle, emperor of China, 232

Yoruba city-states, 257

Yoshinobu, Shogun, 296

Young, Arthur, 19

Younger Dryas, 136

Zaire, vicious circle in, 361

Zambia, 343, 371, 405

Zayat, Ahmed, 396, 397

Zhao Ziyang, 425, 440

Zheng He, 232

Zhou Enlai, 422, 423

Zimbabwe, 368–72, 405

economic collapse of, 371–72, 390, 398, 401, 447–48

extractive institutions in, 402, 410, 458

land ownership in, 266, 266

postindependence in, 370–72, 399, 401, 410

poverty in, 1, 3, 373, 401